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Microbiology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of ecosystems do viruses play a role in?

A

marine ecosystem

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2
Q

What is a virus?

A

a noncellular particle that must infect a host cell to reproduce

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3
Q

What does a virion consist of?

A

nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) contained within a protective protein coat called the capsid

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4
Q

host range

A

a particular group of species that a virus infects

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5
Q

Viruses take over the infected cell’s ________ and direct the cell to ______ more virus particles.

A

machinery; produce

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6
Q

Average size of a virus

A

50-100 nm

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7
Q

What are giant viruses called?

A

pandora viruses

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8
Q

Three things that virus nucleic acid can be:

A
  1. DNA/RNA
  2. linear or circular
  3. ds or ss
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9
Q

Name a few genes that the virus genome can encode for

A

capsomere, envelope protein, polymerase

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10
Q

Capsid

A

protein coat made of repeating protein subunits called the capsomere; used for protection and packaging of the viral genome

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11
Q

envelope

A

lipid bilayer that surrounds the capsid and obtained from the host cell membrane (budding)

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12
Q

Enveloped viruses are ____ sensitive to inactivation by ____ or ______________ than nonenveloped viruses.

A

more; heat; detergents

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13
Q

Spikes

A

glycoproteins in the envelope

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14
Q

What do spikes help with?

A

Attachement to/release from the host cell

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15
Q

Four Virus Shapes

A
  1. Filamentous/Helical
  2. Icosahedral
  3. Complex
  4. Other
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16
Q

3 characteristics of helical viruses

A
  1. vary in length, depending on genome size
  2. helical symmetry
  3. include bacteriophages as well as animal viruses
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17
Q

Are viruses included in the binomial nomenclature scheme?

A

no

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18
Q

3 things classification is based on

A
  1. nucleic acid
  2. morphology
  3. method of replication
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19
Q

viral species

A

group of viruses that share the same genetic information and host range

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20
Q

family names end in

A

-viridae

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21
Q

genus names end is

A

-virus

22
Q

What type of names are used for species?

A

common

23
Q

How are subspecies designated?

A

by numbers

24
Q

3 identification methods

A
  1. cytopathic
  2. sereological
  3. nucleic acid sequence
25
Q

2 life cycles for bacteriophage

A

lystic, and lysogenic

26
Q

3 life cycles of animal viruses

A

DNA, RNA, retrovirus

27
Q

5 steps of lytic cycle

A

Attachment, Penetration, Biosynthesis, Assembly/maturation, Release

28
Q

5 steps of lysogenic cycle

A

attachment, penetration, integration, excision, lytic cycle

29
Q

6 steps of general life cycle of animal viruses

A

attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, release

30
Q

release of enveloped viruses from infected cells

A

budding

31
Q

release of nonenveloped viruses from infected cells

A

lysis, exocytosis

32
Q

RNA viruses

A

use an RNA dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe their RNA

33
Q

DNA virus

A

uses the host replication machinery

34
Q

retrovirus

A

uses reverse transcriptase to copy their genomic sequence into DNA for insertion into the host chromosome

35
Q

Is influenze A enveloped or nonenveloped?

A

enveloped

36
Q

H

A

hemagglutinin protein; 16 subtypes; attachment to host cell;

37
Q

N

A

neuraminidase; 9 subunits; involved in release from host cell

38
Q

Antigenic Drift

A

gradual change in surface molecules of virus (spikes)

39
Q

Why is antigenic drift bad?

A

host antibodies may not recognize the altered antigens

40
Q

acute infection

A

rapid production of virus particles, relatively brief period of disease symptoms, the host immune response rids body of infecting virus

41
Q

Viroids

A

Rna molecules that infect plants; NO protein capsid

42
Q

Are viruses bigger than viroids?

A

YES

43
Q

How do viroids replicate?

A

by host RNA polymerase; weird because it usually requires a DNA template

44
Q

some viroids have _______ ability

A

catalytic

45
Q

Prions

A

proteins that infect animals with no nucleic acid component

46
Q

Where do prions come from?

A

derived from normal cellular proteins

47
Q

What do prions do?

A

alter the conformation of normal cellular proteins

48
Q

How do you get prions? (4)

A
  1. inherited
  2. transmissible through: ingestion
  3. transplant
  4. surgical instruments
49
Q

4 diseases prions can cause:

A
  1. Sheep scrapie,
  2. Mad Cow Disease
  3. Chronic wasting Disease
  4. Spongiform encephalopathies
50
Q

What causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

prions

51
Q

What are the symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

dementia, blindness, impaired muscular coordination, behavioral changes (insomnia, depression)

Microbiology (21 decks)

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