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Microbiology > Ch 16 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Ch 16 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

susceptibility

A

lack of resistance to a disease

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2
Q

immunity

A

ability to ward off disease

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3
Q

innate immunity

A

defense against any pathogen (nonspecific)

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4
Q

adaptive immunity

A

immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen

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5
Q

first line of defense(3)

A

physical factors, chemical factors, normal microbiota

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6
Q

3 types of physical factors:

A

skin, mucous membranes, secretions

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7
Q

3 traits of innate immune system

A
  • present at birth
  • physical and chemical barriers to infection
  • nonspecific responses to destroy invading cells
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8
Q

3 traits of adaptive immunity

A
  • reaction to specific antigens
  • body reacts to antigens when exposed
  • retains “memory” of those antigens
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9
Q

epidermis consists of :

A

tightly packed cells

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10
Q

keratin

A

protective protein

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11
Q

Why is the epidermis good for protection?

A

difficult to penetrate

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12
Q

The _______ of dead cells removes __________

A

shedding; microbes

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13
Q

What 3 tracts do mucous membranes line?

A

gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts

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14
Q

mucous

A

viscous glycoprotein that is produced by goblet cells

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15
Q

ciliary escalator

A

transports microbes trapped in mucous away from the lungs, toward the throat (1-3 cm per hour)

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16
Q

Body secretions can expel pathogens from the body in 7 ways:

A

tears, saliva, earwax, vaginal secretions, urine, feces, and vomit

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17
Q

fungistatic fatty acids in sebum

A

inhibit growth of some pathogenic bacteria and fungi

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18
Q

Lysozyme is found where? (4)

A

perspiration, tears, saliva, urine

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19
Q

Lysozyme

A

breaks down chemical bonds in peptidoglycan

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20
Q

What type of bacteria is lysozyme affective against?

A

gram-positive

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21
Q

pH of skin:

A

3-5

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22
Q

pH of stomach:

A

1.2-3

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23
Q

What does the pH of the stomach not destroy?

A

botulinum toxin

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24
Q

pH of vaginal secretions

A

3-5

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25
Q

3 ways pathogens protect against pathogens:

A
  • occupying niches that pathogens might occupy; competition for resources
  • producing acids
  • producing bacteriocins
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26
Q

4 parts of second line of defense:

A
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • phagocytosis
  • antimicrobial substances
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27
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments involved in clotting

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28
Q

What 4 things are in your blood?

A

WBCs, RBCs, platelets, and plasma

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29
Q

neutrophils and monocytes

A

engulf and destroy microbes by phagocytosis

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30
Q

Monocytes differentiate into:

A

macrophages & dendritic cells

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31
Q

Phago-

A

Greek for eat

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32
Q

-cyte

A

greek for cell

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33
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingestion of a microbe or particles by a phagocyte

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34
Q

2 types of phagocytes

A

macrophages and neutrofils

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35
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

stay in one place (lungs, liver, etc)

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36
Q

Wandering macrophages

A

move to sites of infection

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37
Q

Microbes posses unique structures, ______, that immediately tag them as foreign.

A

PAMPs

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38
Q

PAMP

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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39
Q

TLRs

A

toll-like receptors

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40
Q

These _____’s are recognized by ______’s present on various host cell types.

A

PAMP; TLR

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41
Q

Once bound to their ______(____), the ___s trigger an intracellular ___________ cascade.

A

ligands (PAMPs); TLR; regulatory

42
Q

TLRs stimulate _________ to release _________ that attract other _________ to site of infection.

A

phagocytes; cytokines; phagocytes

43
Q

TLRS initiate _____________

A

phagocytosis

44
Q

3 examples of PAMPs

A

Flagellin, peptidoglycan, LPS

45
Q

Opsonization enhances _________

A

phagocytosis

46
Q

Opsonization

A

coating of microbes by serum proteins (opsonins); enhances phagocytosis by promoting attachment of microbe to phagocyte

47
Q

2 examples of opsonins

A

antibodies & complement proteins

48
Q

E. coli in the large intestine produce __________ that prevent growth of _____________ (_____) and ________ (______)

A

bacteriocins; salmonella (gastroenteritis); Shigella (dysentary)

49
Q

Normal microbiota produce ____ that lower __ in the GI tract; This lowered __ prevents overgrowth in _______ _______, the opportunistic pathogen that causes _____ _________.

A

acid; pH; pH; Candida albicans; yeast infections

50
Q

In the phagolysosome, microbial cells are attacked by:

A

digestive enzymes & toxic oxygen products

51
Q

4 examples of digestive enzymes

A

lysozyme, lipases, proteases, nucleases

52
Q

3 examples of toxic oxygen products:

A

superoxide anion, H2O2, & hydroxyl radicals

53
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

capsule inhibits adherence of phagocyte to bacterium

54
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

produces leukocidins that kill phagocytes

55
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

lyses phagolysosome, replicates in cell, lyses cell

56
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion

57
Q

_______ & ________ engulf and destroy microbes by _________.

A

Neutrophils; monocytes; phagocytosis

58
Q

Monocytes differentiate into ______ & ______

A

macrophages; dendritic cells

59
Q

3 subtypes of lymphocytes

A

NK cells; T cells; B cells

60
Q

T cells

A

modulate specific immune response

61
Q

B cells

A

produces antibodies to bind antigens

62
Q

What attaches to large pathogens and releases toxins?

A

eosinophils

63
Q

ADCC

A

Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

64
Q

Basophils release _______ which causes _________

A

Histamine; inflammation

65
Q

histamine

A

vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

66
Q

Kinins

A

vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

67
Q

Prostaglandins

A

intensify histamine and kinin effect

68
Q

Leukotrienes

A

increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment

69
Q

3 Steps on Inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation & increased permeability of blood vessels
  2. Phagocyte migration & phagocytosis
  3. Tissue repair
70
Q

Vasodilation increases ___ ___ to area of ________; causes ________ & _____.

A

clood flow; inflammation; redness; heat

71
Q

Increased ________ of blood vessels allows _____ and ______ to enter tissue in area of inflammation; causes _______ (_____)

A

permeability; cells; fluid; swelling (edema)

72
Q

_____ can be caused by the pressure from _______, _______ _______, and ______ from ________ ______.

A

Pain; swelling; nerve damage; irritation; bacterial toxins

73
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

results from the persistent presence of a foreign object, which causes permanent tissue damage

74
Q

Causes of chronic inflammation:

A

pathogens that resist host defenses, nonliving irritant material, and autoimmunity

75
Q

NK cells are found in the:

A

blood, spleen, and lymphatic system

76
Q

Healthy cells make surface ___ _____ __ ______

A

MHC class I antigens

77
Q

NK cells

A

bind to cells that don’t produce MHC I antigens on the surface and release cytotoxic granules that kill the target cell

78
Q

perforins

A

create membrane pores to lyse cells

79
Q

granzymes

A

(protein digesting enzymes) induce apoptosis

80
Q

The Complement System

A

over 30 serum proteins (produced by liver) activated in a cascade (effect amplified)

81
Q

C3b causes

A

opsonization

82
Q

C3a + C5a causes

A

inflammation

83
Q

C5b + C6 + C7 + C8 + C9 cause

A

cell lysis

84
Q

Outcomes of the complement system

A

opsonization, cell lysis, inflammation

85
Q

cytolysis

A

bursting of microbe due to inflow of extracellular fluid through transmembrane channel formed by Membrane Attack Complex

86
Q

Inflammation

A

increased blood vessel permeability & chemotactic attraction of phagocytes

87
Q

Classical Pathway

A

antigen-antibody complex

88
Q

Alternative pathway

A

contact between complement proteins and pathogen

89
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Macrophages ingest bacteria, release cytokines; Cytokines stimulate the liver to produce lectins; lectins bind pathogens (opsonization)

90
Q

________ can prevent complement activation

91
Q

Some gram _______ bacteria release an enzyme that degrades ____, the complement factor that ______ _______.

A

positive; C5a; attracts phagocytes

92
Q

IFNs

A

cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication

93
Q

These ______ are produced by _____-_____ __ ____; INF-A and IFN-B diffuse to neighboring uninfected cells and ________ the _____ of antiviral proteins that _______ with ___ ________.

A

cytokines; virus-infected host cells; stimulate; production; interfere; viral replication

94
Q

Siderophores

A

proteins secreted by bacteria that compete with host iron-binding proteins for iron; used by bacteria to obtain iron from host

95
Q

Borrelia burgdoferi

A

causative agent of Lyme Disease

96
Q

What organism uses manganese instead of iron?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

97
Q

Antimicrobial peptides

A

short (12-50 amino acids); amphipathic; ubiquitous

98
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides active against?

A

bacteria, fungi, viruses

99
Q

Many ___s form _____ in plasma membrane of ________, causing ______

A

AMP; pores; pathogens; lysis

100
Q

Host sequesters iron with these 4 iron binding proteins:

A

lactoferrins, ferritins, hemoglobin, transferrin

Microbiology (21 decks)

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