Ch 16 - Innate Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
susceptibility
A
lack of resistance to a disease
2
Q
immunity
A
ability to ward off disease
3
Q
innate immunity
A
defense against any pathogen (nonspecific)
4
Q
adaptive immunity
A
immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen
5
Q
first line of defense(3)
A
physical factors, chemical factors, normal microbiota
6
Q
3 types of physical factors:
A
skin, mucous membranes, secretions
7
Q
3 traits of innate immune system
A
- present at birth
- physical and chemical barriers to infection
- nonspecific responses to destroy invading cells
8
Q
3 traits of adaptive immunity
A
- reaction to specific antigens
- body reacts to antigens when exposed
- retains “memory” of those antigens
9
Q
epidermis consists of :
A
tightly packed cells
10
Q
keratin
A
protective protein
11
Q
Why is the epidermis good for protection?
A
difficult to penetrate
12
Q
The _______ of dead cells removes __________
A
shedding; microbes
13
Q
What 3 tracts do mucous membranes line?
A
gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts
14
Q
mucous
A
viscous glycoprotein that is produced by goblet cells
15
Q
ciliary escalator
A
transports microbes trapped in mucous away from the lungs, toward the throat (1-3 cm per hour)
16
Q
Body secretions can expel pathogens from the body in 7 ways:
A
tears, saliva, earwax, vaginal secretions, urine, feces, and vomit
17
Q
fungistatic fatty acids in sebum
A
inhibit growth of some pathogenic bacteria and fungi
18
Q
Lysozyme is found where? (4)
A
perspiration, tears, saliva, urine
19
Q
Lysozyme
A
breaks down chemical bonds in peptidoglycan
20
Q
What type of bacteria is lysozyme affective against?
A
gram-positive
21
Q
pH of skin:
A
3-5
22
Q
pH of stomach:
A
1.2-3
23
Q
What does the pH of the stomach not destroy?
A
botulinum toxin
24
Q
pH of vaginal secretions
A
3-5
25
3 ways pathogens protect against pathogens:
- occupying niches that pathogens might occupy; competition for resources
- producing acids
- producing bacteriocins
26
4 parts of second line of defense:
- inflammation
- fever
- phagocytosis
- antimicrobial substances
27
platelets
cell fragments involved in clotting
28
What 4 things are in your blood?
WBCs, RBCs, platelets, and plasma
29
neutrophils and monocytes
engulf and destroy microbes by phagocytosis
30
Monocytes differentiate into:
macrophages & dendritic cells
31
Phago-
Greek for eat
32
-cyte
greek for cell
33
phagocytosis
ingestion of a microbe or particles by a phagocyte
34
2 types of phagocytes
macrophages and neutrofils
35
Fixed macrophages
stay in one place (lungs, liver, etc)
36
Wandering macrophages
move to sites of infection
37
Microbes posses unique structures, ______, that immediately tag them as foreign.
PAMPs
38
PAMP
pathogen-associated molecular patterns
39
TLRs
toll-like receptors
40
These _____'s are recognized by ______'s present on various host cell types.
PAMP; TLR
41
Once bound to their ______(____), the ___s trigger an intracellular ___________ cascade.
ligands (PAMPs); TLR; regulatory
42
TLRs stimulate _________ to release _________ that attract other _________ to site of infection.
phagocytes; cytokines; phagocytes
43
TLRS initiate _____________
phagocytosis
44
3 examples of PAMPs
Flagellin, peptidoglycan, LPS
45
Opsonization enhances _________
phagocytosis
46
Opsonization
coating of microbes by serum proteins (opsonins); enhances phagocytosis by promoting attachment of microbe to phagocyte
47
2 examples of opsonins
antibodies & complement proteins
48
E. coli in the large intestine produce __________ that prevent growth of _____________ (_____) and ________ (______)
bacteriocins; salmonella (gastroenteritis); Shigella (dysentary)
49
Normal microbiota produce ____ that lower __ in the GI tract; This lowered __ prevents overgrowth in _______ _______, the opportunistic pathogen that causes _____ _________.
acid; pH; pH; Candida albicans; yeast infections
50
In the phagolysosome, microbial cells are attacked by:
digestive enzymes & toxic oxygen products
51
4 examples of digestive enzymes
lysozyme, lipases, proteases, nucleases
52
3 examples of toxic oxygen products:
superoxide anion, H2O2, & hydroxyl radicals
53
Streptococcus pneumoniae
capsule inhibits adherence of phagocyte to bacterium
54
Staphylococcus aureus
produces leukocidins that kill phagocytes
55
Listeria monocytogenes
lyses phagolysosome, replicates in cell, lyses cell
56
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion
57
_______ & ________ engulf and destroy microbes by _________.
Neutrophils; monocytes; phagocytosis
58
Monocytes differentiate into ______ & ______
macrophages; dendritic cells
59
3 subtypes of lymphocytes
NK cells; T cells; B cells
60
T cells
modulate specific immune response
61
B cells
produces antibodies to bind antigens
62
What attaches to large pathogens and releases toxins?
eosinophils
63
ADCC
Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
64
Basophils release _______ which causes _________
Histamine; inflammation
65
histamine
vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
66
Kinins
vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
67
Prostaglandins
intensify histamine and kinin effect
68
Leukotrienes
increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment
69
3 Steps on Inflammation
1. Vasodilation & increased permeability of blood vessels
2. Phagocyte migration & phagocytosis
3. Tissue repair
70
Vasodilation increases ___ ___ to area of ________; causes ________ & _____.
clood flow; inflammation; redness; heat
71
Increased ________ of blood vessels allows _____ and ______ to enter tissue in area of inflammation; causes _______ (_____)
permeability; cells; fluid; swelling (edema)
72
_____ can be caused by the pressure from _______, _______ _______, and ______ from ________ ______.
Pain; swelling; nerve damage; irritation; bacterial toxins
73
Chronic Inflammation
results from the persistent presence of a foreign object, which causes permanent tissue damage
74
Causes of chronic inflammation:
pathogens that resist host defenses, nonliving irritant material, and autoimmunity
75
NK cells are found in the:
blood, spleen, and lymphatic system
76
Healthy cells make surface ___ _____ __ ______
MHC class I antigens
77
NK cells
bind to cells that don't produce MHC I antigens on the surface and release cytotoxic granules that kill the target cell
78
perforins
create membrane pores to lyse cells
79
granzymes
(protein digesting enzymes) induce apoptosis
80
The Complement System
over 30 serum proteins (produced by liver) activated in a cascade (effect amplified)
81
C3b causes
opsonization
82
C3a + C5a causes
inflammation
83
C5b + C6 + C7 + C8 + C9 cause
cell lysis
84
Outcomes of the complement system
opsonization, cell lysis, inflammation
85
cytolysis
bursting of microbe due to inflow of extracellular fluid through transmembrane channel formed by Membrane Attack Complex
86
Inflammation
increased blood vessel permeability & chemotactic attraction of phagocytes
87
Classical Pathway
antigen-antibody complex
88
Alternative pathway
contact between complement proteins and pathogen
89
Lectin pathway
Macrophages ingest bacteria, release cytokines; Cytokines stimulate the liver to produce lectins; lectins bind pathogens (opsonization)
90
________ can prevent complement activation
capsules
91
Some gram _______ bacteria release an enzyme that degrades ____, the complement factor that ______ _______.
positive; C5a; attracts phagocytes
92
IFNs
cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication
93
These ______ are produced by _____-_____ __ ____; INF-A and IFN-B diffuse to neighboring uninfected cells and ________ the _____ of antiviral proteins that _______ with ___ ________.
cytokines; virus-infected host cells; stimulate; production; interfere; viral replication
94
Siderophores
proteins secreted by bacteria that compete with host iron-binding proteins for iron; used by bacteria to obtain iron from host
95
Borrelia burgdoferi
causative agent of Lyme Disease
96
What organism uses manganese instead of iron?
Borrelia burgdorferi
97
Antimicrobial peptides
short (12-50 amino acids); amphipathic; ubiquitous
98
What are antimicrobial peptides active against?
bacteria, fungi, viruses
99
Many ___s form _____ in plasma membrane of ________, causing ______
AMP; pores; pathogens; lysis
100
Host sequesters iron with these 4 iron binding proteins:
lactoferrins, ferritins, hemoglobin, transferrin
