History of Microbiology

Question 1

Found “cells” and made the first microscope

Answer 1

Robert Hooke

Question 2

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

Answer 2

first to see bacteria and protozoa “animalcules”

Question 3

Spontaneous generation

Answer 3

the hypothesis that organisms arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

Question 4

biogenesis

Answer 4

the hypothesis that organisms come from preexisting life

Question 5

Francesco Redi disproved spontaneous generation with what experiment?

Answer 5

6 jars filled with meat, 3 were covered, 3 were uncovered; The three that were uncovered obtained maggots, and the 3 that were sealed had no maggots

Question 6

What experiment did John Needham perform and when?

Answer 6

1745; boiled nutrient broth, then placed in a sealed flask and saw microbial growth

Question 7

What did Needham do wrong?

Answer 7

He boiled the nutrient broth and THEN transferred it to a sealed flask. He exposed the nutrient broth to air contamination/microbes.

Question 8

Who made the first vaccine and what was the vaccine?

Answer 8

Edward Jenner; Injected people with cow pox, which prevented small pox

Question 9

What is a vaccine?

Answer 9

Culture of avirulent microorganism used for preventive inoculation

Question 10

Sanitarians believed that

Answer 10

the source of diseases were “miasmas” or fumes

Question 11

Contagionists believed that

Answer 11

the sources of diseases was germs

Question 12

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 12

handwashing with bleach reduced childbed fever

Question 13

Joseph Lister

Answer 13

sterile surgery equipment reduced surgical infections and death

Question 14

Florence Nightingale

Answer 14

cleaned hospitals, disposed of dead dogs

Question 15

Colonel George Waring

Answer 15

introduced sewage systems and developed trash collection

Question 16

Louis Pasteur

Answer 16

Swan neck experiment, aseptic technique, pasteurization, fermentation, and several vaccines (rabies, anthrax, and cholera)

Question 17

Fermentation

Answer 17

the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make food and wine

Question 18

Pasteurization

Answer 18

the application of a high heat for a short period of time

Question 19

What are Koch’s postulates and how many are there?

Answer 19

criteria to establish a specific microbial cause for a given disease; 4

Question 20

What the 4 postulates?

Answer 20

1. The microbe must be found in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy individuals
2. Microbe must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
3. microbe must cause disease when given to healthy individual
4. some strain of microbe must re-isolated from the newly infected host

Question 21

Hans Christian Gram

Answer 21

developed the gram stain

Question 22

Do gram stains stain human cells?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

What color do gram-negative bacteria stain?

Answer 23

pink

Question 24

What color do gram-positive bacteria stain?

Answer 24

purple

Question 25

Who developed the concept of the magic bullet?

Answer 25

Paul Ehrlich

Question 26

Magic Bullet

Answer 26

kills microbe without harming host human (selective toxicity)

Question 27

Sulfonamides

Answer 27

drugs that target the enzymes of folate synthesis, which humans get through diet. It harmed microbes and people.

Question 28

Antiobiotics

Answer 28

chemicals produced by bacteria or fungi that inhibit and kill other microbes

Question 29

Penicillin

Answer 29

first antibiotic discovered; produced by a fungus

Question 30

Dmitri Iwanowski

Answer 30

knew the organism responsible for tobacco mosaic disease was a virus

Question 31

Wendell Stanley

Answer 31

discovered that simple and homogenous organisms, like viruses, can be crystallized

Question 32

What kind of microscopy do you need to see viruses?

Answer 32

Electron microscopy

Question 33

Light microscopy

Answer 33

use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens

Question 34

Simple microscope

Answer 34

has only one lens

Question 35

Compound light microscopy

Answer 35

image from objective lens is magnified by ocular lens

Question 36

resolution

Answer 36

the ability to distinguish two points as separate entities

Question 37

Refractive index

Answer 37

a measure of the light bending ability of a medium

Question 38

Staining

Answer 38

coloring the microbe/background medium with a dye to improve visibility

Question 39

smear

Answer 39

a thin film

Question 40

A smear is usually ____ fixed to attach the _____ to a slide and to ____ the microbes.

Answer 40

heat; attached; kill

Question 41

Stains

Answer 41

salts that consist of a positive ion and a negative ion, one of which is colored

Question 42

Basic dye

Answer 42

Chromophore is the cation + anion (positive charge)

Question 43

Acidic dye

Answer 43

Chromophore is the anion + a cation (negative charge)

Question 44

Negative staining

Answer 44

staining the background instead of the cell

Question 45

simple stain

Answer 45

use of a single basic dye

Question 46

A ______ may be used to hold the stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it

Answer 46

mordant

Question 47

Acid-fast stain

Answer 47

used to identify mycobacterium

Question 48

What are gram-negative bacteria resistant to?

Answer 48

antibiotics

Question 49

What do gram-positive bacteria tend to be killed by?

Answer 49

penicillin and detergent

Question 50

Special stains

Answer 50

used to distinguish certain parts of cells such as capsules, endospores, and flagella

Question 51

Electron Microscopy

Answer 51

uses electrons instead of light; has greater resolution

Question 52

Unaided eye range

Answer 52

200 micrometers or greater

Question 53

Light microscope

Answer 53

200 nm - 10 mm

Question 54

TEM

Answer 54

10 pm - 100 micrometers