General Chemistry Review

Question 1

electrons

Answer 1

negatively charged particles

Question 2

protons

Answer 2

positively charged particles

Question 3

neutrons

Answer 3

uncharged particles

Question 4

each chemical has a different number of ______

Answer 4

protons

Question 5

isotopes

Answer 5

atoms with different numbers of neutrons

Question 6

atoms combine to complete the ________ electron shell

Answer 6

outermost

Question 7

valence

Answer 7

the number of missing or extra electrons in the outermost shell

Question 8

covalent bonds

Answer 8

form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Question 9

ionic bonds

Answer 9

attractions between ions of opposite charge

Question 10

ions

Answer 10

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

Question 11

hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to O or N is attracted to an N or O atom in another molecule

Question 12

endergonic reactions

Answer 12

absorb energy

Question 13

exergonic reactions

Answer 13

release energy

Question 14

A change in _______ _____ occurs during a chemical reaction.

Answer 14

chemical energy

Question 15

synthesis reaction

Answer 15

occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form newer, larger molecules

Question 16

anabolism

Answer 16

synthesis of molecules in a cell

Question 17

decomposition reactions

Answer 17

occur when a molecules in split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms

Question 18

acids

Answer 18

disassociate into one or more H+

Question 19

bases

Answer 19

disassociate into one or more OH-

Question 20

Salts

Answer 20

disassociate into anions (-) and cations (+) neither of which is H+ or OH-

Question 21

pH

Answer 21

measures the amount of H_ in a solution

Question 22

Most organisms grow best between pH:

Answer 22

6.5 and 8.5

Question 23

carbon skeleton

Answer 23

the chain of carbon atoms in organic molecules

Question 24

macromolecules

Answer 24

polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules

Question 25

monomers

Answer 25

smaller molecules

Question 26

carbohydrates are used for:

Answer 26

cell structures and energy sources; (CH2O)n

Question 27

monosaccharides

Answer 27

simple sugars with 3-7 C atoms

Question 28

disaccharides

Answer 28

formed when to monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis

Question 29

oligosaccharides

Answer 29

consist of 2-20 monosaccharides

Question 30

polysaccharides

Answer 30

consists of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

Question 31

lipids are:

Answer 31

the primary components of cell membranes; nonpolar and insoluble in water

Question 32

simple lipids consist of:

Answer 32

CHO

Question 33

saturated fat

Answer 33

no double bonds

Question 34

unsaturated fat

Answer 34

one or more double bonds in the fatty acid

Question 35

Cis

Answer 35

H atoms on the same side of the double bond; causes kink in structure

Question 36

Trans

Answer 36

H atoms on the opposite sides of the double bond

Question 37

Complex lipids consist of:

Answer 37

C, H, O plus P, N, or S

Question 38

Membrane is made of ____________

Answer 38

phospholipids

Question 39

steroids

Answer 39

four carbon ring with an -OH attached to one ring; part of membranes

Question 40

Eukaryotic membrane contain ________; bacterial membranes contain ___________.

Answer 40

sterol; hopanoids

Question 41

enzymes

Answer 41

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Question 42

transporter proteins

Answer 42

move chemicals across the membrane

Question 43

The primary structure of a protein is:

Answer 43

the polypeptide chain

Question 44

the secondary structure of a protein is:

Answer 44

amino acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats

Question 45

tertiary structure:

Answer 45

helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the peptide chain

Question 46

quaternary structure

Answer 46

consists of 2 or more polypeptides

Question 47

Polymers of nucleotides (DNA, RNA) are joined by:

Answer 47

phosphodiester bonds

Question 48

Nucleotides consist of:

Answer 48

pentose, phosphate group, N-containing base (purine/pyrimidine)

Question 49

Nucleosides consist of:

Answer 49

pentose, phophate group

Question 50

The sugar in DNA is:

Answer 50

deoxyribose (3' H)

Question 51

The sugar in RNA is:

Answer 51

ribose (3' OH)

Question 52

DNA features:

Answer 52

sugar is deoxyribose, double stranded, antiparallel, double helix, A-T G-C

Question 53

RNA features:

Answer 53

sugar in ribose, single stranded, A-U G-C