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Microbiology > General Chemistry Review > Flashcards

General Chemistry Review Flashcards

1
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged particles

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2
Q

protons

A

positively charged particles

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3
Q

neutrons

A

uncharged particles

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4
Q

each chemical has a different number of ______

A

protons

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5
Q

isotopes

A

atoms with different numbers of neutrons

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6
Q

atoms combine to complete the ________ electron shell

A

outermost

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7
Q

valence

A

the number of missing or extra electrons in the outermost shell

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8
Q

covalent bonds

A

form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

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9
Q

ionic bonds

A

attractions between ions of opposite charge

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10
Q

ions

A

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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11
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to O or N is attracted to an N or O atom in another molecule

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12
Q

endergonic reactions

A

absorb energy

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13
Q

exergonic reactions

A

release energy

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14
Q

A change in _______ _____ occurs during a chemical reaction.

A

chemical energy

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15
Q

synthesis reaction

A

occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form newer, larger molecules

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16
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of molecules in a cell

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17
Q

decomposition reactions

A

occur when a molecules in split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms

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18
Q

acids

A

disassociate into one or more H+

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19
Q

bases

A

disassociate into one or more OH-

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20
Q

Salts

A

disassociate into anions (-) and cations (+) neither of which is H+ or OH-

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21
Q

pH

A

measures the amount of H_ in a solution

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22
Q

Most organisms grow best between pH:

A

6.5 and 8.5

23
Q

carbon skeleton

A

the chain of carbon atoms in organic molecules

24
Q

macromolecules

A

polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules

25
Q

monomers

A

smaller molecules

26
Q

carbohydrates are used for:

A

cell structures and energy sources; (CH2O)n

27
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars with 3-7 C atoms

28
Q

disaccharides

A

formed when to monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis

29
Q

oligosaccharides

A

consist of 2-20 monosaccharides

30
Q

polysaccharides

A

consists of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

31
Q

lipids are:

A

the primary components of cell membranes; nonpolar and insoluble in water

32
Q

simple lipids consist of:

33
Q

saturated fat

A

no double bonds

34
Q

unsaturated fat

A

one or more double bonds in the fatty acid

35
Q

Cis

A

H atoms on the same side of the double bond; causes kink in structure

36
Q

Trans

A

H atoms on the opposite sides of the double bond

37
Q

Complex lipids consist of:

A

C, H, O plus P, N, or S

38
Q

Membrane is made of ____________

A

phospholipids

39
Q

steroids

A

four carbon ring with an -OH attached to one ring; part of membranes

40
Q

Eukaryotic membrane contain ________; bacterial membranes contain ___________.

A

sterol; hopanoids

41
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

42
Q

transporter proteins

A

move chemicals across the membrane

43
Q

The primary structure of a protein is:

A

the polypeptide chain

44
Q

the secondary structure of a protein is:

A

amino acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats

45
Q

tertiary structure:

A

helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the peptide chain

46
Q

quaternary structure

A

consists of 2 or more polypeptides

47
Q

Polymers of nucleotides (DNA, RNA) are joined by:

A

phosphodiester bonds

48
Q

Nucleotides consist of:

A

pentose, phosphate group, N-containing base (purine/pyrimidine)

49
Q

Nucleosides consist of:

A

pentose, phophate group

50
Q

The sugar in DNA is:

A

deoxyribose (3’ H)

51
Q

The sugar in RNA is:

A

ribose (3’ OH)

52
Q

DNA features:

A

sugar is deoxyribose, double stranded, antiparallel, double helix, A-T G-C

53
Q

RNA features:

A

sugar in ribose, single stranded, A-U G-C

Microbiology (21 decks)

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