Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of cholera

A

profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, leg cramps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

father of epidemiology

A

john snow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Developed delivery system for ether; first anesthesiologist in England

A

john snow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

treated queen victoria with chloroform during delivery of 8th child

A

john snow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of the causes, distribution, and transmission of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

disease

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

infection

A

colonization of the body by pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

contagious disease

A

a disease that is easily spread from one host to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

examples of contagious disease

A

measles, chicken pox, influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ex of noncommunicable disease

A

tetanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

etiology

A

study of the cause of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

criteria developed by Robert Koch to establish a specific microbial cause for a given disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 diseases Koch identified

A

B. anthracis, M. tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

1st of Koch’s postulates

A
  1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2nd of Koch’s postulates

A
  1. the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3rd of Koch’s postulates

A
  1. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

4th of Koch’s postulates

A
  1. the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A
  1. some pathogens cannot be cultured
  2. some can cause several disease conditions
  3. some symptoms can be from different pathogens
  4. some only cause disease in humans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

An ex of a pathogen that cannot be cultured

A

M. leprae (leprosy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

An ex of pathogens that cause several disease conditions

A

S. pyrogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

An ex of symptoms from multiple pathogens

A

pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 disease that only cause disease in humans

A

small pox; HIV/AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

3 Modes of Transmission

A
  1. Contact (touching/kissing)
  2. Vehicle (infected water)
  3. Vector (mosquitoes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Direct Contact

A

require close association between infected and susceptible host

27
Q

Indirect Contact

A

spread by fomites (ex: tissues, used needles, money)

28
Q

Droplet contact

A

transmission via airborne droplets (sneeze)

29
Q

How many bacteria were found on $1 bills?

A

Over 3,000; most common one caused acne; also found bacterial species linked to gastric ulcers, pneumonia, food poisoning, staph infections, and diphtheria; Ab resistant strains also found on money

30
Q

Droplets from a sneeze travel _x to ____x further than previously thought; about - m more.

A

5x-200x; 4-5m

31
Q

Vehicle transmission Water

A

untreated or contaminated water

32
Q

Vehicle transmission Food

A

incompletely cook or improperly refrigerated food

33
Q

Vehicle Transmission Air

A

airborne droplets, dust particles, spores that can travel by air

34
Q

mechanical transmission

A

arthropod carries pathogen on feet (fly -> food)

35
Q

biological transmission

A

pathogen reproduces in vector (malaria)

36
Q

2 Things that dictate how long a pathogen can survive outside of the normal host/growth environment:

A
  1. Pathogen (endospores? mycobacteria? enveloped vs nonenveloped virus?)
  2. Environmental conditions (porous vs nonporous surface; temp; humidity; light (UV); density of pathogen)
37
Q

How long can most bacteria/viruses live on a surface in general?

A

24-48 hours

38
Q

Endospores can survive (8)

A

dessication, heat, cold, extreme pH, pressure, radiation, chemicals, time

39
Q

Healthcare Acquired Infections (HAIs)

A

Infections acquired at a healthcare facility while receiving treatment for other conditions (AKA Nosocomial Infections)

40
Q

What makes the healthcare such a good place to get an HAI?

A

microorganisms in hospital environment, compromised host, and chain of transmission

41
Q

Incidence

A

fraction of a population that NEWLY CONTRACTS a disease during a specific time

42
Q

Incident Rate #

A

new cases per population unit during a specific time

43
Q

What does incidence rate measure?

A

risk of getting a disease

44
Q

Prevalence

A

fraction of a population that HAS a specific disease at a given time

45
Q

What does prevalence measure?

A

the burden of the disease

46
Q

morbidity

A

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

47
Q

mortality

A

deaths from notifiable diseases

48
Q

morbidity rate

A

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

49
Q

mortality rate

A

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

50
Q

The 2 most common causes of HAIs are:

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

51
Q

Zoonosis

A

any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans or vice versa

52
Q

Zoonoses

A

can be caused by all types of pathogens: bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses

53
Q

Food-related diseases affect ________________ of people. It kills _________. It causes more than$__ billion in health care-related costs each year.

A

tens of millions; thousands; 9

54
Q

_________, over ____ million people lack access to healthy _____. In the United States, there are ______ of cases of _________ illness each year.

A

Globally; 900; water; millions; waterborne

55
Q

Causative agent of cholera:

A

Vibrio cholerae

56
Q

What type of bacteria is Vibrio cholerae?

A

gram negative

57
Q

How does it work?

A

produces cholera toxin (AB exotoxin) that causes host cells to secrete electrolytes & water

58
Q

Reservoir for cholera?

59
Q

Mode of transmission for cholera?

A

vehicle: contaminated water

60
Q

Treatment for cholera?

A

Rehydration and doxycycline

61
Q

Prevention of cholera?

A

clean water

62
Q

What random item helps filter water in lower-income countries?

63
Q

Cholera bacteria form ________ and are associated with ____________.

A

biofilms; copepods

Microbiology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions