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Microbiology > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Innate immunity

A

nonspecific defenses against any pathogen

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2
Q

adaptive immunity

A

induced resistance to a specific pathogen

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3
Q

specificity

A

resistance to a specific pathogen

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4
Q

memory

A

body responds more quickly if exposed to pathogen a secon time

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5
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells (B lymphocyte) produce antibodies that directly target antigens

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6
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

activated T cells (T lymphocytes) control antibody production and can directly kill infected host cells

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7
Q

The immune system does not recognize the _____ microbe, but innumerable tiny ______ of it.

A

whole; pieces

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8
Q

Each small segment of an _______ that elicits an immune response is called an _____ or an antigenic determinant.

A

antigen; epitope

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9
Q

Antigen =

A

Anti(body) Gen(erating)

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10
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells

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11
Q

Antibodies interact with ________ or ________ ___________.

A

epitopes; antigenic determinants

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12
Q

Haptens

A

low molecular weight (small) compound that is not antigenic on its own; antigenic only when bound to a larger “carrier” molecule

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13
Q

Once the antibody is formed against a hapten, the antibody is _______ against the hapten ________ presence of the carrier molecule.

A

active; without

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14
Q

Antibodies

A

made in response to a specific antigen; can recognize and bind to specific antigen

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15
Q

Another name for an antibody is:

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

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16
Q

Antibody Structure:

A

Four poplypeptide chains (2 heavy & 2 light)

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17
Q

Each polypeptide has a:

A

constant region and a variable region

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18
Q

constant region

A

same within a particular class of Ig

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19
Q

variable region

A

recognize antigenic epitope; same between arms of antibodies

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20
Q

The Antibody is in the shape of a Y. The Fc region is the _____ while the Fab region is the ____.

A

stem; arms

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21
Q

The Fc region:

A

the site that binds to the cell

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22
Q

Fab region:

A

binds to the antigen

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23
Q

Neutralization

A

antibodies prevent a virus/toxic protein from binding their target

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24
Q

Opsonization

A

a pathogen tagged by antibodies is consumed by a macrophage/neutrophil

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25
Q

Complement activation

A

antibodies attached to the surface of a pathogen cell activate the complement system

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26
Q

Five types of Antibodies:

A

IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, & IgD

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27
Q

Which Ab’s are monomers?

A

IgG, IgD, & IgE

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28
Q

Which Ab’s are pentamers?

A

IgM

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29
Q

Which Ab’s are dimers?

A

IgA

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30
Q

What is the only Ab known to cross the placenta? What type of immunity is this called?

A

IgG; Naturally acquired passive immunity

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31
Q

3 functions of IgG Abs?

A
  1. enhance phagocytosis through opsonization
  2. Neutralize toxins (antitoxins-exotoxins) and viruses
  3. Activate complement through the classical pathway
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32
Q

IgG makes up what percentage of serum antibodies?

A

80%

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33
Q

IgM makes up what % of serum antibodies?

A

5-10%

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34
Q

3 functions of IgM antibodies?

A
  1. First Ab produced in response to infection
  2. Agglutinate microbes
  3. Activate complement through the classical pathways
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35
Q

IgA makes up what percentage of serum antibodies?

A

10-15%

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36
Q

Where are IgA Abs found and why?

A

They are found in secretions. This gives IgA Abs mucosal protection from degradation. Their presence in mucous also prevents attachment of microbial pathogens to mucosal surfaces.

37
Q

What two species have the ability to produce IgA proteases (that destroy IgA antibodies)?

A

Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae

38
Q

What percentage of antibody serum is composed of IgD?

A

0.2%

39
Q

Functions of IgD Abs?

A

Abundant on surface of B cells, and involved in signaling B cells to begin producing antibodies

40
Q

What percentage of antibody serum is composed of IgE antibodies?

A

0.002%

41
Q

3 functions of IgE abs?

A
  1. On mast cells, on basophils, and in blood
  2. Main antibody involved in allergic reactions
  3. Bind parasitic worms: antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
42
Q

ADCC

A

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

43
Q

When is ADCC carried out?

A

When a pathogen is too big to phagocytose

44
Q

Steps of ADCC (2):

A
  1. Target pathogen is coated with Ab (IgE)

2. Eosinophils, macrophages, and NK cells bind Fc portion of antibodies and lyse cell

45
Q

Where are B cells produced?

A

bone marrow

46
Q

Where do mature B cells go?

A

lymphoid organs

47
Q

What types of antibodies are on the surface of B cells?

A

IgD and IgM

48
Q

B cell becomes _________ when the surface antibodies bind their specific epitope.

A

activated

49
Q

What do activated B cells divide and differentiate into?

A

plasma cells and memory cells

50
Q

All the antibodies on a particular B cell recognize/bind:

A

the same epitope

51
Q

how many antibodies can plasma cells produce per second?

A

hundreds to thousands

52
Q

2 features of memory cells:

A
  1. long-lived

2. rapid,enhanced immune response after later exposure to same antigen

53
Q

primary response

A

occurs after initial contact with antigen

54
Q

secondary (memory) response

A

occurs after second exposure

55
Q

What two things can activate B cells?

A

T-independent antigens or T-dependent antigens

56
Q

How do T-dependent antigens activate B cells?

A

The antigen is presented with MHC II to a T helper cell. The T helper cell then produces cytokines that activate the B cell.

57
Q

How do T-independent antigens activate B cells?

A

They stimulate the B cell to make antibodies withOUT T helper cells. T-independent antigens have repeating units (epitopes) that can bind multiple antibodies on the surface of B cells.

58
Q

2 main problems with T-independent antigens:

A
  1. No memory cells are generated

2. generally weaker immune response

59
Q

class switching

A

B cells can produce different classes of antibodies

60
Q

All antibodies produced by a specific B cell recognize:

A

the same epitope!!!!

61
Q

self tolerance

A

the body does not normally make antibodies against itself

62
Q

clonal deletion

A

harmful B cells that recognize self antigens are eliminated

63
Q

How many different B cell receptors are there?

A

At least 10^15

64
Q

The vast diversity of antibodies are encoded by:

A

only a few hundred genes

65
Q

Somatic recombination

A

brings together different variable, diversity, and joining regions that make up the antibody

66
Q

Antibody specificity can distinguish between _______ and minor differences in the _____ ____ sequence.

A

isomers; amino acid

67
Q

What is it called when binding to a similar epitope occurs? (ex: cowpox & small pox)

A

cross-binding

68
Q

What are the consequences of Antibody-Antigen binding?

A

agglutination, opsonization, activation of complement (classical), ADCC, Neutralization

69
Q

What are humoral antibodies effective against?

A

circulating pathogens

70
Q

What things can T cells recognize? (3)

A
  1. antigens derived from intracellular pathogens (virus/bacteria/parasites)
  2. “non-self” cells (tumor)
  3. antigens presented by MHC
71
Q

What can’t T cells do?

A

bind free-floating antigens

72
Q

MHC class I

A

found on all nucleated cells; markers of “self”

73
Q

MHC class II

A

found on antigen presenting cells (B cells)

74
Q

MHC molecules are involved in ______ _________

A

thymic selection

75
Q

If a T cell binds too strongly to MHC (binding self as opposed to nonself), what happens?

A

It is eliminated

76
Q

What percentage of T cells are eliminated through thymic selection?

A

95%

77
Q

Surface glycoprotein CD4 is found on which T cell?

A

T helper

78
Q

Surface glycoprotein CD8 is found on which T cell?

A

Cytotoxic T cell

79
Q

CD4 binds to MHC class _ molecules on B cells and other Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

A

two

80
Q

What is the function of Helper T cells?

A

assist in activation of B cells and other T cells

81
Q

CD8 binds to MHC class _ molecules, which display antigens from internal pathogens.

A

one

82
Q

2 functions of cytotoxic T cells:

A
  1. differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

2. destroy bacteria and infected host cells

83
Q

Cytotoxic T lympocytes (CTL) attack the altered self cell by:

A

releasing perforin and granzymes

84
Q

perforin

A

forms pores in target cells

85
Q

granzymes

A

induce apoptosis

86
Q

NK cells are similar to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, but differ in what way?

A

They do not require stimulation with an antigen

87
Q

NK cells kill what kinds of cells?

A

Cells that do not produce MHC I

88
Q

How do NK cells work?

A

They bind the target cell and then release cytotoxic granules (perforin & granzymes)

Microbiology (21 decks)

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