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Microbiology > Vaccinations > Flashcards

Vaccinations Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you get naturally acquired active immunity?

A

resulting from infection

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2
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

transplacental or via colustrum

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3
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

vaccine

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4
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

injection of antibodies

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5
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that is used to induce immunity

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6
Q

What three types of suspensions are used for vaccines

A

live, attenuated, or killed

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7
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Stimulate the body’s immune system to respond to a specific pathogen

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8
Q

What 3 things are vaccines developed against?

A

bacteria, toxins, viruses

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9
Q

Weakened (attenuated) pathogens used for vaccines are not as _________.

A

Virulent

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10
Q

Vaccines do these two things:

A
  1. trigger immune response

2. induce memory cells

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11
Q

How do you get artificially acquired active immunity?

A

vaccines

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12
Q

What is the most affective type of vaccine?

A

attenuated whole-agent vaccines

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13
Q

How are microbes attenuated for use in vaccines?

A

they are weakened by multiple passage in the laboratory

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14
Q

What kind of immunity do attenuated whole-agent vaccines give you?

A

typically lifelong

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15
Q

Example of an attenuated whole-agent vaccine:

A

MMR vaccine

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16
Q

How do they make microbes for inactivated whole-agent vaccines?

A

The microbe is killed by heat, chemical, or radiation

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17
Q

What type of vaccine is safe than live vaccines?

A

Inactivated whole-agent vaccines

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18
Q

Inactivated whole-agent vaccines are _____ effective; They require _________.

A

less; booster

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19
Q

Example of an inactivated whole-agent vaccine:

A

rabies, flu, polio

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20
Q

Toxoids are

A

inactivated bacterial toxins

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21
Q

Toxoids __ ____ cause disease, but __ stimulate production of ________.

A

do not; do; antibodies

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22
Q

Two types of subunit vaccines:

A
  1. antigenic fragment of pathogen

2. “recombinant vaccines” produced using recombinant technology

23
Q

Some pathogens are virulent because they :

A

evade phagocytosis

24
Q

Large polysaccharides can be T-independent antigens. What does this result in?

A

Weak immune response, and no memory cells

25
Q

What makes a conjugated vaccine?

A

Polysaccharide combined (conjugated) with more antigenic protein; results in better immunization

26
Q

How does a DNA vaccine work?

A

Naked DNA is injected into patient; patient produces antigen (transcription, then translation) then stimulates the production of antibodies

27
Q

example of a conjugated vaccine

A

HiB

28
Q

Example of a subunit vaccine

A

hepatitis B

29
Q

example of a DNA vaccine

A

West Nile (for horses)

30
Q

How old is smallpox?

A

10,000 BC

31
Q

What was the first vaccine?

A

small pox by edward jenner

32
Q

What type of disease in smallpox?

A

viral

33
Q

How is small pox transmitted?

A

through direct contact with bodily fluids or contaminated objects; rarely through air

34
Q

What are the symptoms of small pox?

A

rash & fever

35
Q

What is the mortality rate of small pox?

A

30%

36
Q

Is there a treatment? How do you prevent smallpox?

A

No; vaccine

37
Q

How many measles cases are there per year?

A

70 million

38
Q

How many measles deaths in 2000?

A

757,000

39
Q

How many measles deaths in 2008?

A

164,000

40
Q

Herd Immunity:

A

if most of the population is immune to a disease, then the remaining individuals in the population are partially protected

41
Q

What does herd immunity apply to?

A

infections spread from person-to-person (pertussis or influenza)

42
Q

For some diseases, vaccination of __% of the population is sufficient to provide herd immunity.

A

40

43
Q

For most diseases, vaccination of __ - __% is required for herd immunity.

A

80-95%

44
Q

What does VAERS stand for?

A

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

45
Q

What does VAERS mandate?

A
  1. Detect new, unusual or rare vaccine adverse events
  2. Monitor increases in known adverse events
  3. Identify potential patient risk factors for particular types of adverse events
  4. Identify vaccine lots with increased numbers or types of reported adverse events
  5. Assess the safety of newly licensed vaccines
46
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)

A

rare autoimmune disorder in which immune system attacks nervous system, causing muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis

47
Q

How many cases of GBS per million vaccines?

A

1.6 cases

48
Q

What type of disease is polio?

A

viral

49
Q

How is polio transmitted?

A

oral-fecal transmission (Vehicle)

50
Q

Where does polio replicate?

A

in the intestines

51
Q

Is there a cure for polio?

A

No

52
Q

What percentage of cases does polio invade the nervous system?

A

~1% ; causes paralysis

53
Q

The oral polio virus vaccine contains:

A

a live attenuated virus

54
Q

After vaccination, the weakened vaccine virus replicates in the ________, triggering an _______ _______ and ______ ____.

A

intestine; immune response; memory cells

Microbiology (21 decks)

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