Vaccinations

Question 1

How do you get naturally acquired active immunity?

Answer 1

resulting from infection

Question 2

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Answer 2

transplacental or via colustrum

Question 3

Artificially acquired active immunity

Answer 3

vaccine

Question 4

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Answer 4

injection of antibodies

Question 5

What is a vaccine?

Answer 5

a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that is used to induce immunity

Question 6

What three types of suspensions are used for vaccines

Answer 6

live, attenuated, or killed

Question 7

How do vaccines work?

Answer 7

Stimulate the body’s immune system to respond to a specific pathogen

Question 8

What 3 things are vaccines developed against?

Answer 8

bacteria, toxins, viruses

Question 9

Weakened (attenuated) pathogens used for vaccines are not as _________.

Answer 9

Virulent

Question 10

Vaccines do these two things:

Answer 10

1. trigger immune response

2. induce memory cells

Question 11

How do you get artificially acquired active immunity?

Answer 11

vaccines

Question 12

What is the most affective type of vaccine?

Answer 12

attenuated whole-agent vaccines

Question 13

How are microbes attenuated for use in vaccines?

Answer 13

they are weakened by multiple passage in the laboratory

Question 14

What kind of immunity do attenuated whole-agent vaccines give you?

Answer 14

typically lifelong

Question 15

Example of an attenuated whole-agent vaccine:

Answer 15

MMR vaccine

Question 16

How do they make microbes for inactivated whole-agent vaccines?

Answer 16

The microbe is killed by heat, chemical, or radiation

Question 17

What type of vaccine is safe than live vaccines?

Answer 17

Inactivated whole-agent vaccines

Question 18

Inactivated whole-agent vaccines are _____ effective; They require _________.

Answer 18

less; booster

Question 19

Example of an inactivated whole-agent vaccine:

Answer 19

rabies, flu, polio

Question 20

Toxoids are

Answer 20

inactivated bacterial toxins

Question 21

Toxoids __ ____ cause disease, but __ stimulate production of ________.

Answer 21

do not; do; antibodies

Question 22

Two types of subunit vaccines:

Answer 22

1. antigenic fragment of pathogen

2. “recombinant vaccines” produced using recombinant technology

Question 23

Some pathogens are virulent because they :

Answer 23

evade phagocytosis

Question 24

Large polysaccharides can be T-independent antigens. What does this result in?

Answer 24

Weak immune response, and no memory cells

Question 25

What makes a conjugated vaccine?

Answer 25

Polysaccharide combined (conjugated) with more antigenic protein; results in better immunization

Question 26

How does a DNA vaccine work?

Answer 26

Naked DNA is injected into patient; patient produces antigen (transcription, then translation) then stimulates the production of antibodies

Question 27

example of a conjugated vaccine

Answer 27

HiB

Question 28

Example of a subunit vaccine

Answer 28

hepatitis B

Question 29

example of a DNA vaccine

Answer 29

West Nile (for horses)

Question 30

How old is smallpox?

Answer 30

10,000 BC

Question 31

What was the first vaccine?

Answer 31

small pox by edward jenner

Question 32

What type of disease in smallpox?

Answer 32

viral

Question 33

How is small pox transmitted?

Answer 33

through direct contact with bodily fluids or contaminated objects; rarely through air

Question 34

What are the symptoms of small pox?

Answer 34

rash & fever

Question 35

What is the mortality rate of small pox?

Answer 35

30%

Question 36

Is there a treatment? How do you prevent smallpox?

Answer 36

No; vaccine

Question 37

How many measles cases are there per year?

Answer 37

70 million

Question 38

How many measles deaths in 2000?

Answer 38

757,000

Question 39

How many measles deaths in 2008?

Answer 39

164,000

Question 40

Herd Immunity:

Answer 40

if most of the population is immune to a disease, then the remaining individuals in the population are partially protected

Question 41

What does herd immunity apply to?

Answer 41

infections spread from person-to-person (pertussis or influenza)

Question 42

For some diseases, vaccination of __% of the population is sufficient to provide herd immunity.

Answer 42

40

Question 43

For most diseases, vaccination of __ - __% is required for herd immunity.

Answer 43

80-95%

Question 44

What does VAERS stand for?

Answer 44

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

Question 45

What does VAERS mandate?

Answer 45

1. Detect new, unusual or rare vaccine adverse events 2. Monitor increases in known adverse events 3. Identify potential patient risk factors for particular types of adverse events 4. Identify vaccine lots with increased numbers or types of reported adverse events 5. Assess the safety of newly licensed vaccines

Question 46

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)

Answer 46

rare autoimmune disorder in which immune system attacks nervous system, causing muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis

Question 47

How many cases of GBS per million vaccines?

Answer 47

1.6 cases

Question 48

What type of disease is polio?

Answer 48

viral

Question 49

How is polio transmitted?

Answer 49

oral-fecal transmission (Vehicle)

Question 50

Where does polio replicate?

Answer 50

in the intestines

Question 51

Is there a cure for polio?

Answer 51

No

Question 52

What percentage of cases does polio invade the nervous system?

Answer 52

~1% ; causes paralysis

Question 53

The oral polio virus vaccine contains:

Answer 53

a live attenuated virus

Question 54

After vaccination, the weakened vaccine virus replicates in the ________, triggering an _______ _______ and ______ ____.

Answer 54

intestine; immune response; memory cells