Vaccinations Flashcards
How do you get naturally acquired active immunity?
resulting from infection
Naturally acquired passive immunity
transplacental or via colustrum
Artificially acquired active immunity
vaccine
Artificially acquired passive immunity
injection of antibodies
What is a vaccine?
a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that is used to induce immunity
What three types of suspensions are used for vaccines
live, attenuated, or killed
How do vaccines work?
Stimulate the body’s immune system to respond to a specific pathogen
What 3 things are vaccines developed against?
bacteria, toxins, viruses
Weakened (attenuated) pathogens used for vaccines are not as _________.
Virulent
Vaccines do these two things:
- trigger immune response
2. induce memory cells
How do you get artificially acquired active immunity?
vaccines
What is the most affective type of vaccine?
attenuated whole-agent vaccines
How are microbes attenuated for use in vaccines?
they are weakened by multiple passage in the laboratory
What kind of immunity do attenuated whole-agent vaccines give you?
typically lifelong
Example of an attenuated whole-agent vaccine:
MMR vaccine
How do they make microbes for inactivated whole-agent vaccines?
The microbe is killed by heat, chemical, or radiation
What type of vaccine is safe than live vaccines?
Inactivated whole-agent vaccines
Inactivated whole-agent vaccines are _____ effective; They require _________.
less; booster
Example of an inactivated whole-agent vaccine:
rabies, flu, polio
Toxoids are
inactivated bacterial toxins
Toxoids __ ____ cause disease, but __ stimulate production of ________.
do not; do; antibodies
Two types of subunit vaccines:
- antigenic fragment of pathogen
2. “recombinant vaccines” produced using recombinant technology
Some pathogens are virulent because they :
evade phagocytosis
Large polysaccharides can be T-independent antigens. What does this result in?
Weak immune response, and no memory cells
What makes a conjugated vaccine?
Polysaccharide combined (conjugated) with more antigenic protein; results in better immunization
How does a DNA vaccine work?
Naked DNA is injected into patient; patient produces antigen (transcription, then translation) then stimulates the production of antibodies
example of a conjugated vaccine
HiB
Example of a subunit vaccine
hepatitis B
example of a DNA vaccine
West Nile (for horses)
How old is smallpox?
10,000 BC
What was the first vaccine?
small pox by edward jenner
What type of disease in smallpox?
viral
How is small pox transmitted?
through direct contact with bodily fluids or contaminated objects; rarely through air
What are the symptoms of small pox?
rash & fever
What is the mortality rate of small pox?
30%
Is there a treatment? How do you prevent smallpox?
No; vaccine
How many measles cases are there per year?
70 million
How many measles deaths in 2000?
757,000
How many measles deaths in 2008?
164,000
Herd Immunity:
if most of the population is immune to a disease, then the remaining individuals in the population are partially protected
What does herd immunity apply to?
infections spread from person-to-person (pertussis or influenza)
For some diseases, vaccination of __% of the population is sufficient to provide herd immunity.
40
For most diseases, vaccination of __ - __% is required for herd immunity.
80-95%
What does VAERS stand for?
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
What does VAERS mandate?
- Detect new, unusual or rare vaccine adverse events
- Monitor increases in known adverse events
- Identify potential patient risk factors for particular types of adverse events
- Identify vaccine lots with increased numbers or types of reported adverse events
- Assess the safety of newly licensed vaccines
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
rare autoimmune disorder in which immune system attacks nervous system, causing muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis
How many cases of GBS per million vaccines?
1.6 cases
What type of disease is polio?
viral
How is polio transmitted?
oral-fecal transmission (Vehicle)
Where does polio replicate?
in the intestines
Is there a cure for polio?
No
What percentage of cases does polio invade the nervous system?
~1% ; causes paralysis
The oral polio virus vaccine contains:
a live attenuated virus
After vaccination, the weakened vaccine virus replicates in the ________, triggering an _______ _______ and ______ ____.
intestine; immune response; memory cells
