Viruses Flashcards
What are the 5 types of pathogens?
- Bacteria
- Virus
- Parasites
- Protozoa
- Fungi
What are the vairous methods that infectious pathogens are excreted?
- Faeces
- Urine
- Vomit
- Nasal discharge
- Ocular discharge
- Saliva
- Gential discharge
- Fluid from skin lesions
- Blood
- Milk
- Deceased animals (Spores)
What is indirect contact?
2 or more animals coming into contact with the same inanimate object
Remember… that pathogens can remain viable in the environment for long periods of time
Love dark + damp enviroments!
What is an example of in-direct contact?
- Aerosol transmission
- Contaminated food + water
- Carrier animals
Remember… usually this needs to be within a certain time frame
What is direct contact?
Direct - Animal to animal contact
What is an example of direct contact?
- Touching
- Fighting
- Sniffing (Usually)
- Grooming
What usually kills directly-contacted infectious diseases?
(As a general rule)
- Light
- Heat
- Disinfection
They are also termed as ‘fragile’
Think about - not being commplicated enough to transmit through difficult means of transportation - can only stay in one place…
What usually kills In-directly-contacted infectious diseases?
Difficult to kill with disinfection
Some can spend a period of it’s life cycle out-with Host (In a Vector)
What are the 2 routes of transmission?
- Horizontal
+ - Vertical
What is meant by ‘horizontal’ transmission?
Moving across to another host of a similar species
Like carrier animals..
What is meant by ‘vertical’ transmission?
Transplacental
(From mother, across placenta and to fetus)
‘In utero’
What is a direct form of horizontal transmission?
- Airborne
- Food-borne
Short-distances
What is a In-direct form of horizontal transmission?
- Fomites
- Paratenic
- Airborne
- Contaminated food
- Contaminated enviroment
Larger-distances
Paratenic = an optional host, usually used for larvae enters - passively - ingested via food
What 2 diseases in dogs + cats show no clinical signs?
(1 is cat)
(1 is cat + dog)
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP or known as ‘Feline Corona Virus’)
- Toxoplasma Gondii (Toxoplasma)
Remember… Toxoplasma Gondii is a protozoa!!
What is a carrier animal?
An animal that has recieved pathogenic microbes from another animal
+
It has not been able to over-come immunity defences
What is a convalescent carrier?
A carrier that has contract the disease previously
+
And has over-come & recovered from the infection
Can also may have not completely got rid of the organism
If it hasn’t gotten rid of properly, can be long-term or for life!
(Think of the herpes virus for humans - ulcers!)
What is meant by a healthy carrier?
An animal/carrier whom is not displaying any clincial signs of infection - Asymptomatic!
But has been EXPOSED to the disease.
Immune system has prevented clinical signs but does not mean it is not infected!!
Example: Vaccinated animals (can become)
Name the 6 things that makes potential hosts susceptible to infection?
- Age
- Body condition
- Vaccination status
- Presence of wounds
- Ability of immune response
- WBC activity
A carrier animal cannot harbour a disease.
True or False?
False.
They can, but hopefully will excrete it eventually!
What affects the time that a pathogenic organism is excreted from a carrier animal?
Depends on the disease/pathogenic organism!
Define the term ‘Localised infection’
+
What are the usual clinical signs?
An infection which is located to a specific area
+
Usually presents with abcesses
& small infected wounds
S…
What does a Systemic infection usually result in?
Sepsis!!
Remember… throughout whole body!
Define the term ‘Intubation time’.
The time taken between recieving the disease
+
presenting clinical signs
What is an Continous excretor?
An animal which continously excrete the infectious agent + can infect others at any time
Easier to identify than Intermittent shedders!
What is an Intermittent excretor?
And give an example of when it occurs.
An animal which only excretes the infectious agent under certain circumstances.
Can occur when:
* Animal is under stress - Parturition, Lactation, Re-homing
* Recieving Immunosuppressive drugs - Corticosteroids.
What is the mode of transmission for
Feline
Rhinotracheitis
Virus?
Aerosol
What are the modes of transmission for
Canine
Distemper
Virus?
Direct-contact:
* Aerosol
* Bodily fluids
What are the mode of transmission for
FPV?
Contaminated:
* Fecal
* Oral
Feline Panleukopenia Virus
What are the mode of transmission for
Canine Parvo virus?
Contaminated:
* Fecal
* Oral
What is the mode of transmission for
FCV?
Aerosol
Feline Calici Virus
What are the mode of transmission for
Feline + Canine Rota Virus?
Contaminated:
* Fecal
* Oral
What is the mode of transmission for
Mycoplasma?
Aerosol
What is the mode of transmission for
Gram+ Staphylococci?
Direct-contact:
* Aerosol
What is the mode of transmission for
Leptospira?
Direct contact:
* Contaminated
Urine
Zoonotic!
What are the modes of transmission for
Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis?
- Fomites
- Aerosol
What are the modes of transmission for
Influenza H1N1?
- Fomites
- Aerosol
What is the modes of transmission for
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Intermedius?
Direct contact
What are the modes of transmission for
Canine Herpes Virus?
Direct contact:
* Fomites
What are the modes of transmission for
Chlamydia?
Contaminated:
* Fecal
* Oral
What are the modes of transmission for
Isospora?
Contaminated:
* Fecal
* Oral
E..P..T..
What is the triade of prevention?
- Education
(Clients, public, students) - Protection
(Vaccinations, quarantine) - Treatment
(Prescriptions, accessible treatments + PHC)
PHC = Pet Health Club
What does PHITEEN when educating clients about preventing disease?
P-rovide info + resources
H-old nurse clinics, responsible ownership
I-nform clients of insurance + requirements for vaccinations
T-arget health promotion
E-ncourage parasitic control
E-nsure info on important + travelling with pets are avaliable
N-otify client of reponsible breeding, precautions if living in communal pet home
What are the 6 preventative measures an RVN can help ensure in practice?
- Parasite control
- Vaccinations
- High standards of infection control
- Reverse barrier-nursing compromised patients
- Minimising direct contact w/patients
- Effective air movement/ventilation in high-risk areas
What is the important of adequate ventilation within the clinic, hopistal ward + Isolation?
To prevent the spread or accumilation of:
* Spores
* Air droplets
&
Consequences of high environmental temperatures
Name 3 things you can monitor & audit about disease?
- Trends
- Characteristics of disease
- Occurence - how often?
- Create disease control programmes
- Reporting notifiable diseases
- Clinical audits
What natural bacteria do some reptiles carry within their Gastro-intestinal tract, which can cause disease in other species?
Salmonella!
+ Amphibians
Can shed in faeces too!
What can be caught if animal food is not from a reputable + sustainable resource?
E-Coli
+
Salmonella
What are the 3 key supportive treatments can be given to infected patients?
IVFT
+
Nutritional support
+
Allow time for animal’s own immune system to eliminate the organism
What can occur after some bacterial infections in patients, after primary infection is treated?
Secondary infection
What is the difference between Isolation + Quarantine?
Isolation:
Segregation/seperation of infectious animals from uninfected
Quarantine:
State/period of time/place of isolation, that have travelled from other countries - which have potentially been exposed to infectious + contagious diseases
Quarantine = especially foreign diseases, for 12 weeks - 6 months
=
What is the minimum + maximum times a patient can potentially be held in quarantine foor?
Minimum of
12 weeks
Maximum of
6 months
What is the purpose of Vaccination
/Immunisation?
- To prevent disease
- Protect against future disease (to a degree)
Not… protection includes: patients, clients (zoonotic), mutli-pet households, hospitalized patients, staff, public etc
Name an example of how a ‘general’ infection can impact the body?
- Can cause direct damage
- Damage to cells + lysis + death
- Loss of normal anatomy functions
- Provokes inflammation
- Allergic reaction
- Immune system damage
Allergic reaction = the reaction of anti-gens + anti-bodies
How does an infectious agent ‘generally’ cause infection?
By overcoming
internal + external
bodily defences
What anti-microbial material is often used for surgical instruments & most kennels/cages?
Stainless steel
What material should walls within the hosptial ward, Isolation ward & Theatre be made of?
A material that is:
* Durable
* Wipe-able
* Smooth
* Easy to clean
Why should there be no open storage for equipment in the veterinary practice?
(Especially theatre).
To prevent
the accumulation of
dust > can attract spores > decreases air quality
Why should there be no windows within a gold standard clinical environment?
(In an ideal world)
Prevent:
* Escape of patients
* Prevent severe decline of environmental temperature
* Entry of further animals or parasites, bacteria etc
However.. would be benefical in emergencies
What is the importance of minimal furniture in the clinical environment?
Less chance for pathogenic micro-organisims to be housed/accumulate
Name 4 basic supplies that should be stocked specifically within the Isoaltion ward.
Fully stocked:
* Food
* Water + food bowls
* Bedding
* Cleaning supplies (disinfectants, mops, brooms etc)
* Equipment (Catheters, stethoscopes, bandage-tape)
* Disposable PPE
* SOPs (laminated + on wall)
* Waste disposal bins (Clinical + Hazardous)
* Species specific housing!
Remember… aim of the game is no cross-contamination!
Give an example of a disinfectant cleaner.
Anigene
