Vaccinations

Question 1

Define the term ‘Immunity’

Answer 1

The state of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process, especially a pathogen or infectious disease.
Immunity may occur naturally or be produced by prior exposure or immunization.

Question 2

What are the 2 ways that adult animals can gain immunity to a disease?

Answer 2

1. Vaccination
2. Having suffered + survived that disease

Question 3

Define the term ‘Vaccination’

Answer 3

The process by which we artificially manipulate the immune system of an animal to provide protection against specific infectious organisms

Question 4

True or False.

“Prevention is much easier than the cure”

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What type of pathogenic organism is argued to be the hardest to treat?

Answer 5

Viral diseases

Question 6

What is meant by the term ‘Mode of Action’ of a vaccine

Answer 6

To expose the individual to a small amount of the infectious agent, to provoke an immune response - but not enough to cause disease

or

The vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against the microorganism (centre)

Question 7

What is ‘immune memory’?

Answer 7

Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered

‘Already primed + will eliminate the disease’

Question 8

What is the difference between a live and an Inactivated vaccine?

Answer 8

Live virus vaccines use the weakened (attenuated) form of the virus.
+
Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response.

Killed (inactivated) vaccines are made from a protein or other small pieces taken from a virus or bacteria.
+
Inactivated vaccines usually don’t provide immunity (protection) that’s as strong as live vaccines, require ‘boosters’.

Inactivated vacc = cultured pathogen, killed to destroy the disease rendering them inactive

Question 9

Does a live or an inactivated vaccine provide a strong, long lasting immune response?

Answer 9

Live

Question 10

What is another type of live vaccine called, that has been altered?

Answer 10

Modified live vaccines

Question 11

Give an example of 2 canine diseases that require live vaccinations

Answer 11

1. CPV (Canine Parvovirus)
2. CDV (Canine Distemper Virus)

Question 12

Are live or inactivated vaccines considered ‘safer’?

Answer 12

Inactivated

Question 13

State the altnerative name given to Inactivated vaccines

Answer 13

Killed vaccine

Question 14

List the 3 alternative names for live vaccines?

Answer 14

1. Live
2. Modified live
3. Live attenuated

Question 15

Give an example of 2 diseases that require live vaccinations

Both can be caught by canines..

Answer 15

1. Rabies
2. Leptospirosis

Question 16

State the 4 types of vaccines

Answer 16

1. Attenuated
2. Inactivated
3. Recombinant
4. Toxoid

Question 17

What is a recombinant vaccine?

Answer 17

Recombinant vaccines are made using bacterial or yeast cells to manufacture the vaccine.
A small piece of DNA is taken from the virus or bacterium against which we want to protect and inserted into the manufacturing cells.

Question 18

Give 3 examples of recombinant vaccines

Answer 18

Some..
1. Lyme disease
2. CNPV (Canarypox virus)
3. NDV (Newcastle Disease Virus)

Lyme disease = Borrelia burgdorferi

Canarpox virus = An enveloped, brick-shaped virus that infects birds

Newcastle Disease Virus = Highly infectious poultry disease

Question 19

What is a toxoid vaccine?

Answer 19

A toxoid is an inactivated or attenuated toxin. It’s no longer toxic but it is still as immunogenic as the toxin from which it was derived.

Question 20

What is the difference between a toxin and a toxoid?

Answer 20

A toxin is a poison made by other organisms which can make us sick or kill us. In other words, a toxin is toxic.

A toxoid is an inactivated or attenuated toxin. It’s no longer toxic but it is still as immunogenic as the toxin from which it was derived.

Question 21

Give 3 examples of Toxoid vaccines

Answer 21

1. Tetanus
2. Clostridium
3. Crotalus Atrox (Western diamondback rattlesnake)