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Infection Control Yr1 > Pathogenic Microorganisms > Flashcards

Pathogenic Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the meaning of an ‘infectious agent’, in relation to viral disease

A

An agent that causes infection or an infectious disease

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2
Q

What is another name for an ‘infectious agent’?

A

a Pathogen

Pathogen = potential to cause disease

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3
Q

Describe what is meant by the ‘mode of transmission’

A

How an infectious agent can be transferred from one person, object, or animal, to another

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4
Q

Describe what a ‘reservoir’ is + give an example of one.

List 6 examples of the potential different types of reservoir.

A

A non-susceptible host organism which can harbor and distribute an infectious agent to other organisms.

Example: Bats harbor several virulent viruses (like Ebola) but they do not make them sick.

Examples:
1. Person
2. Animal
3. Objects
4. Environment
5. Food
6. Water

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5
Q

Define what is meant by the term ‘portal of entry’

A

Any route that a pathogen uses to enter the body (host)

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6
Q

Describe what is meant by a ‘susceptible host’

A

A animal, human or other - that have the intrinsic + extrinsic factors, which makes them suspectable to that pathogenic organism

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7
Q

Explain the difference between a host and a reservoir?

A

A reservoir is a non-susceptible host organism which can harbor and distribute an infectious agent to other organisms.

Whereas..

A host can also harbor an infectious disease, but may or may not harmed by the infected host.

A host also has the potential to:

  • Be used as a nutrient source for the developing pathogenic microorganism
  • Becomes hijacked by pathogen
  • Become ill + potentially infectious
  • Transmits the pathogen to another host
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8
Q

Define the meaning of ‘portal of exit’, in relation to viral disease

A

Any route that a pathogen uses to exits the body (reservoir/host)

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9
Q

What is the acronym for Feline Leukaemia Virus?

A

FeLV

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10
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is FeLV?

A

Virus

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11
Q

What is the infectious agent for FeLV?

Also known as the ‘Retrovirus’..

A

Feline Leukaemia Virus
(Retrovirus)

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12
Q

What is the resevoir for FeLV?

A

Felines

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13
Q

What is the mode of transmission for FeLV?

A
  • Transplacental transmission
  • Rare - direct contact with bodily fluids of infected felines
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14
Q

What is the portal of entry for FeLV?

A
  • Bite wounds
  • Food/water - this is rare
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15
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for FeLV?

A

Felines

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16
Q

What is the portal of exit for FeLV?

A

Bodily fluids of infected felines:
* Saliva
* Urine
* Faeces
* Milk

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17
Q

What is the effect of FeLV on the host?

A

Infections of the:
* Skin
* Bladder
* Upper respiratory tract

Progressive weight loss

Persistant pyrexia

Pale gums + mm’s

Enlarged lymph nodes

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18
Q

What is the acronym for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius?

A

MRSP

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19
Q

What is the infectious agent for MRSP?

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius

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20
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is MRSP?

A

Bacteria - superbug

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21
Q

What are the 2 other terms used to define a ‘superbug’?

A

Nosocomial infection
or
HAI (Hospital Aquired Infection)

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22
Q

What are the 3 resevoirs for MRSP?

A
  • Canines
  • Felines
  • Humans
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23
Q

What is the mode of transmission for MRSP?

A

Direct contact with contaminated:
* Respiratory systems
* Fomites
* Surfaces

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24
Q

What is the portal of entry for MRSP?

A
  • Wound sites
  • Contaminated urine
  • IV Catheters
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25
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for MRSP?

A
  • Canines
  • Felines
  • Humans (less common)

Zoonotic!

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26
Q

What is the portal of exit for MRSP?

A
  • Respiratory secretions
    +
  • aerosolised particles
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27
Q

What is the effect of MRSP on the host?

A

Infections of the:
* Skin
* Ear
* Wound + surgical sites infections
* Respiratory infections

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28
Q

What is the acronym for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus?

A

MRSA

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29
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is MRSA?

A

Bacteria - superbug/HAI

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30
Q

What is the infectious agent for MRSA?

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

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31
Q

What is the resevoir for MRSA?

A

Human

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32
Q

What is the mode of transmission for MRSA?

A

Direct contact:
* Open sores + wounds
* Contaminated surfaces

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33
Q

What is the portal of entry for MRSA?

A
  • Open wounds
  • Surgical Incisions
  • Sores
  • Urinary tract
  • IV catheters
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34
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for MRSA?

A
  • Humans
  • Elderly
  • Young
  • Old
  • Immunocomprimised

Zoonotic!

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35
Q

What is the portal of exit for MRSA?

A

Open sores + wounds

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36
Q

What is the effect of MRSA on the host?

A
  • Skin infections
    leading to > respiratory + urinary infections
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37
Q

What is the acronym for Feline Calcivirus?

Also known as the ‘Feline Respiratory Disease’…

A

FCV

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38
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is FCV?

A

Virus

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39
Q

What is the infectious agent for FCV?

A

Feline Calcivirus
(by Caliciviridae)

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40
Q

What is the resevoir for FCV?

A

Felines

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41
Q

What is the mode of transmission for FCV?

A
  • Virus can survive, as aerolised particles, within the environment for a week
  • Direct contact with infected felines
  • In-direct contact with contaminated fomites + surfaces
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42
Q

What is the portal of entry for FCV?

A

Inhalation
(Via respiratory tract)

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43
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for FCV?

A

Felines

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44
Q

What is the portal of exit for FCV?

A
  • Respiratory secretions
  • Aerosolied particles, from the environment
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45
Q

What is the effect of FCV on the host?

A
  • Sneezing
  • Coughing
  • Nasal Congestion
  • Ulcers (on tongue + gums)
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46
Q

What is the acronym for Bordetella Bronchiseptica?

A

Kennel Cough!
(KC)

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47
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Bordetella Bronchiseptica?

A

Bacteria - gram-negative coccobacillus

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48
Q

What is the infectious agent for Kennel Cough?

A

Bordetella Bronchiseptica:
* B Pertussis
* B parapertussius

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49
Q

What are the 3 resevoirs for KC?

A
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Rabbits
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50
Q

What is the mode of transmission for KC?

A

Direct contact:
* Dogs touching noses

Indirect contact:
* Droplets
* Areosolised particles from sneezing + coughing

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51
Q

What is the portal of entry for KC?

A

Inhaled

(Into the respiratory tract + into the body)

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52
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for KC?

A
  • Canines
  • Felines
  • Rabbits
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53
Q

What is the portal of exit for KC?

A

Via respiratory tract
+
respiratory secretions

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54
Q

What is the effect of KC on the host?

A
  • Hacking cough
  • Sneezing
  • Forthy white phelgm
  • Coughing sounds like something is stuck in the throat
  • Difficulty breathing
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55
Q

What is the acronym for Canine Herpes Virus?

A

CHV

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56
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is CHV?

A

Virus (enveloped)

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57
Q

What is the infectious agent for CHV?

A

Canine Herpes Virus

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58
Q

What is the resevoir for CHV?

A

Canines

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59
Q

What is the mode of transmission for CHV?

A

Direct contact:
Bodily fluids of a contaminated animal

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60
Q

What is the portal of entry for CHV?

A

Ingestion
via
mucous membranes

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61
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for CHV?

A

Dogs

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62
Q

What is the portal of exit for CHV?

A

Bodily fluids
+
Transplacental

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63
Q

What is the effect of CHV on the host?

A
  • Ocular + nasal discharge + inflammation
  • Gential sores
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Vaginal + penile discharge
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64
Q

What is the acronym for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus?

Also known as the ‘Lentivirus’..

A

FIV

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65
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is FIV?

A

Virus

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66
Q

What is the infectious agent for FIV?

A

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
(Lentivirus)

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67
Q

What is the resevoir for FIV?

A

Felines

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68
Q

What is the mode of transmission for FIV?

A

Direct transmission:
bites

Bodily fluids from

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69
Q

What is the portal of entry for FIV?

A

Bites + bite wounds
(from Infected felines)

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70
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for FIV?

A

Felines

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71
Q

What is the portal of exit for FIV?

A

Saliva
(of Infected felines)

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72
Q

What is the effect of FeLV on the host?

A
  • Reduces immune response to other infections
  • Gingivitis
  • Emaciation/Cachexia (Weight loss)
  • Anorexia
  • Pyrexia
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • V+
  • D+
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73
Q

What is the acronym for Canine Parvovirus?

Focus on type 2.. (CPV)…

A

CPV, CPV2, or ‘parvo’

74
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Canine Parvovirus?

75
Q

What is the infectious agent for Parvo?

A

Canine Parvovirus, type 2 (CPV)

76
Q

What is the resevoir for Parvo?

A

Contaminated enivornment:
* Soil contaminated by infected faeces

77
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Parvo?

A

Direct contact:
* Dog to Dog

Contaminated:
* Faeces
* Environment (soil)
* Fomites
* Surfaces

78
Q

What is the portal of entry for Parvo?

A

Ingestion
(via mouth)

79
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for Parvo?

A

Dogs
Particularly:
* Puppies <4 months
* Unvaccinated

80
Q

What is the portal of exit for Parvo?

A

Gastrointestinal tract - faeces

81
Q

What is the effect of Parvo on the host?

A
  • Severe D+++ (including Hematochezia)
  • Pyrexia
  • Abdominal pain
  • Bloating
  • Dehydration
  • Can lead to Septic shock
82
Q

What is the acronym for Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae
+
Leptospira Canicola?

83
Q

What type of pathogenic organisms are Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae
+
Leptospira Canicola?

A

Bacteria - spirochete

84
Q

What are the infectious agents for Lepto?

A

Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae
+
Leptospira Canicola

85
Q

What are the resevoirs for Lepto?

A

Main resevior - Rodents
* Dogs
+
* Cattle
* Pigs
* Horses

86
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Lepto?

A

Both direct + in-direct contact

Direct contact,
with infectious + contaminated:
* Tissues
* Organs
* Urine
* Bodily fluids

In-direct contact, with contaminated:
* Water
* Soil
* Food

87
Q

What is the portal of entry for Lepto?

A

Surfaces of:
* MM’s
* Conjunctival
* Oral
* Genital
+
* Cuts + abrasions

88
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for Lepto?

A
  • Human
  • Cattle
  • Dogs
  • Cats

Zoonotic!

89
Q

What is the portal of exit for Lepto?

90
Q

What is the effect of Lepto on the host?

A
  • Jaundice
  • Fever
  • V+
  • Abdominal pain
  • Severe muscle pain
91
Q

What are the acronyms for Lyssavirus?

A
  • RABV
  • LV
  • Rabies!
92
Q

What is the infectious agent for Rabies?

A

Lyssavirus

93
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Lyssavirus?

94
Q

What are the 2 resevoirs for Rabies?

A
  • Bats - true resevoir/hosts
  • Foxes
95
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Rabies?

A

Direct contact:
* Broken skin
* MMs
* Saliva

96
Q

What is the portal of entry for Rabies?

A

Bites from a ‘rabid’ animal/host

97
Q

Who are the 2 susceptible hosts for Rabies?

A

All mammals + humans

Zoonotic!

98
Q

What is the portal of exit for Rabies?

A
  • Saliva
    +
    MMs in:
  • Eyes
  • Nose
  • Mouth
99
Q

What is the effect of Rabies on the host?

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Pyrexia
  • Frothing of Saliva, of the mouth
  • General paralysis
  • Convulsions
100
Q

What is the acronym for Escherichia-coli?

101
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Escherichia-coli?

A

Bacteria - gram-negative bacillus

102
Q

What is the infectious agent for E-coli?

A

Escherichia-coli

‘Shiga toxin-producing E-Coli’ (STEC)

103
Q

What is the resevoir for E-Coli?

A

Grass-feeding animals
(Cattle etc)

104
Q

What is the mode of transmission for E-Coli?

A

In-direct contact:
* Consumption of contaminated foods + water

Example:
* Grass-fed animals, ingesting the bacteria, whilst grazing on contaminated grass

105
Q

What is the portal of entry for E-Coli?

A

Ingestion

Consuming contaminated:
* Food
* Water

106
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for E-Coli?

A
  • Humans
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Birds
  • Cattle
  • Pigs
  • Horses

Zoonotic!

107
Q

What is the portal of exit for E-Coli?

A

Gastrointestinal tract - faeces

108
Q

What is the effect of E-Coli on the host?

A
  • V+
  • Nausea
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Hematochezia (+ watery)
  • Pyrexia
109
Q

What is the acronym for Salmonella?

A

Salmonella or Salmonellosis

110
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Salmonella?

A

Bacteria - gram negative rods genus

111
Q

What is the infectious agent for Salmonella?

A

Salmonella spp
or
Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium

112
Q

What are the 2 resevoirs for Salmonella?

A

Poultry
+
Livestock

113
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Salmonella?

A

Direct
+
Indirect.

Direct:
Contact with contaminated:
* Animal or human
* Faeces
* Food

Indirect:
* Contact with environments where animals live and roam
* Consumption of food/drink prepared in contaminated environments

114
Q

What is the portal of entry for Salmonella?

A

Direct:
* Ingestion
* Fecal
* Oral
* Eating contaminated food
* Drinking contaminated fluids

Indirect:
Contact with contaminated:
* Fomites
* Surfaces
* Acccidental ingestion

115
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for Salmonella?

A
  • Humans
  • Poultry
  • Livestock
  • Rodents
  • Amphibians
  • Small mammals
  • Farm mammals

Zoonotic!

116
Q

What is the portal of exit for Salmonella?

A

Gastrointestinal tract - faeces

117
Q

What is the effect of Salmonella on the host?

A
  • V+
  • D+
  • Pyrexia
  • Anorexia
  • Decreased activity level
118
Q

What is the acronym for Campylobacter Jejuni?

Also known as.. the ‘human diarrheal pathogen’

A
  • Campylobacter
  • Campylobacteriosis
119
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Campylobacter Jejuni?

A

Bacteria - gut

120
Q

What is the infectious agent for Campylobacter?

A
  • C jejuni jejuni
  • C coli
  • C upsaliensis
  • C helveticus
121
Q

What are the resevoirs for Campylobacter?

A
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Chickens + other poultry
  • Farm animals
122
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Campylobacter?

A

Direct + Indirect.

Indirect contact:
* Consumption of raw or undercooked poultry
or
* Consumption of something that has touched it

Direct contact:
With infected..
* Animals
* Humans
* Faeces
* Drinking untreated water

123
Q

What is the portal of entry for Campylobacter?

A

Ingestion:
* Faecal
* Oral

124
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for Campylobacter?

A
  • Humans
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Poultry
  • Farm animals

Zoonotic!

125
Q

What is the portal of exit for Campylobacter?

126
Q

What is the effect of Campylobacter on the host?

A
  • Recurrent watery/mucoid D+
  • Tenesmus
  • Abdominal cramps + pain
  • Lethargy
  • Pyrexia
127
Q

What is the acronym for Giardia Duodenalis?

128
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Giardia Duodenalis?

A

Protozoa - flagellate

129
Q

What is the infectious agent for Giardia?

A

Giardia lamblia

2 strains:
* G. Intestinalis
* G. Duodenalis

Focus on/most common in vet practice = Giardia Duodenalis

130
Q

What are the 3 resevoirs for Giardia?

A
  • Environment
  • Contaminated soil + faeces
  • Faeces of infected animals

Faeces = most common source/resevoir of infection in dogs

131
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Giardia?

A

Direct + indirect contact.

Direct:
* Infected faeces

Indirect:
Contaminated..
* Water
* Food
* Surfaces
* Objects

132
Q

What is the portal of entry for Giardia?

A
  • Ingestion
  • of giardia cysts -
  • Fecal
  • Oral
133
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for Giardia?

A
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Cows
  • Goats
  • Wildlife

Some strains through:
* Humans

Can be zoonotic! - given the right strain!

134
Q

What is the portal of exit for Giardia?

A

Gastrointestinal tract - faeces

135
Q

What is the effect of Giardia on the host?

A
  • D+
  • Gas
  • Abdominal discomfort
  • Nausea
  • V+

Infection can be present + be asymptomatic!!

136
Q

What is the acronym for Clostridium tetani?

A
  • C. tetani
    or
  • Tetanus
  • Lockjaw

People often call tetanus “lockjaw” because one of the most common signs of this infection is tightening of the jaw muscles

137
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Clostridium tetani?

A

Bacteria - spore-forming, gram-positive, slender, anaerobic rod

138
Q

What is the infectious agent for C.tetani?

A

Clostridium tetani

139
Q

What are the 3 resevoirs for C.tetani?

A

Contaminated environment:
* Soil

  • Animals + humans carry bacilli in their intestines!
140
Q

What is the mode of transmission for C.tetani?

A

In-direct contact.

In-direct:
Spores from..
* Soil
* Faeces

or contaminated..
* Wounds
* Abrasions

Not from human to human.

141
Q

What are the 3 portals of entry for C.tetani?

A
  • Puncture wounds
  • Lacerations
  • Burns
142
Q

Who are the 4 susceptible hosts for C.tetani?

A
  • Humans
  • Horses
  • Dogs
  • Cats

Zoonotic!

143
Q

What is the portal of exit for C.tetani?

A

Gastrointestinal tract - faeces

144
Q

What is the effect of C.tetani on the host?

A

A history of:
* Wounds
(Typically within a period of 4 weeks)
* Lameness
* Stiffness
* Colic (Systemic)

Can progress quickly to…
* Abnormal gait
* Trembling
* Muscle spasms
* Inability to open the mouth (Lockjaw)

145
Q

What is the acronym for Babesia?

A

Babesiosis

146
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Babesia?

147
Q

What is the infectious agent for Babesia?

A
  • B. canis

Other strains:
* B. vogel
* B. gibsoni
* B. vulpes

148
Q

What is the resevoir for Babesia?

A

Ticks
(Ixodes spp)

They are the vectors of the disease.

‘Tick borne disease’

149
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Babesia?

A

Indirect contact/transmission.

(The feeding of the tick, containing the infection)

150
Q

What is the portal of entry for Babesia?

A

Bite from infected tick
* Tick spits our pathogen, whilst feeding
* Into blood stream
* Hyjacks RBCs

151
Q

Who are the 3 susceptible hosts for Babesia?

A
  • Humans
  • Dogs
  • Cats

Zoonotic!

152
Q

What is the portal of exit for Babesia?

A
  1. Tick bites reservoir/host
  2. Ingests Babesia pathogen
  3. Babesia infects the RBCs
153
Q

What is the effect of Babesia on the host?

A
  • Apathy (Lack of interest)
  • Weakness
  • Anorexia
  • Pale mm’s
154
Q

What is the acronym for Toxoplasma Gondii?

A

Toxo
or
Toxoplasmosis

155
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Toxoplasma Gondii?

156
Q

What is the infectious agent for Toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma Gondii

Three forms:
* Tachyzoites (in groups or clones)
* Bradyzoites (in tissue cysts)
* Sporozoites (in oocysts)

157
Q

What is the resevoir for Toxoplasmosis?

A

Felines

Dogs can get it - rare, potential zoonoses from other strains!

158
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Toxoplasmosis?

A

In-direct:

  • Contaminated soil or faeces
  • Ingestion of infected intermediate hosts

Infected animals, hunted + caught = intermediate hosts

159
Q

What is the portal of entry for Toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Ingestion through the consumption of infected (intermediate hosts) rodents, birds + other small mammals

Accidental ingestion of:
* Contaminated water
* Contaminated meat (Especially pork, lamb or venison)
* Undercooked/raw food (Especially raw meat or shellfish, like oysters, clams or mussels)

  • Non-sufficient hand-washing
  • Handling shellfish
  • Contact with contaminated:
  • Soil
  • Faeces
160
Q

Who are the main 2 susceptible hosts for Toxoplasmosis?

A

Humans
+
Cats

Zoonotic!

161
Q

What is the portal of exit for Toxoplasmosis

A

Gastrointestinal tract - faeces

162
Q

What is the effect of Toxoplasmosis on the host?

A
  • Asymptomatic
    or
  • Pyrexia
  • D+
  • Cough
  • Dyspnoea
  • Seizures
  • Abortion + stillbirth
163
Q

What is the acronym for Coccidia Eimeria?

A
  • Cocci
  • Cocci-E
  • Coccidia
  • Coccidiosis
164
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Coccidia Eimeria?

165
Q

What is the infectious agent for Coccidia?

A

Coccidia Eimeria
or
Coccidia spp

166
Q

What are the resevoirs for Coccidia?

A
  • The intestinal wall of dogs + sheep
    +
  • Soil, within the evironment
167
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Coccidia?

A

Direct or in-direct depends on strains.

Coccidia Eimeria is often direct (with oocysts)..

Direct contact:
* Ingestion of sporulated oocysts - passed in the faeces of infected rabbits
(Fecal-oral route)

168
Q

What is the portal of entry for Coccidia?

A

Ingestion:
Consuming contaminated..
* Food
* Water
+
direct contact with contaminated soil/fecal matter

169
Q

Who are the 3 susceptible hosts for Coccidia?

A
  • Humans
  • Dogs
  • Farm animals

Zoonotic!

170
Q

What is the portal of exit for Coccidia?

A

Gastrointestinal tract - faeces

171
Q

What is the effect of Coccidia on the host?

A
  • Severe D+++
  • Weight loss
  • Dehydration
  • Lethargy
172
Q

What is the acronym for Dermatophytes?

A
  • Ringworm
  • Dermatophytosis
  • Tinea - ‘tinea infection’
173
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is Dermatophytes?

174
Q

What is the infectious agent for Ringworm?

A

Dermatophytes

4 main types:
* Microsporum canis - 70%
* Microsporum gypseum - 20%
* Trichophyton mentagrophytes - 10%
* Epidermophyton

Dermatophytes

175
Q

What are the resevoirs for Dermatophytes?

A

Environment:
* Contaminated soil

The surfaces of the skin on:
* Humans
* Animals

176
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Dermatophytes?

A

Direct contact with Infected:
* Humans
* Animals
* Fomites
* Surfaces

They love warm environments.

177
Q

What are the portals of entry for Dermatophytes?

A
  • Open wounds
  • Broken skin

Contact with infected:
* Skin
* Bodily fluids

Inhalation:
* Inhaled particles from infected skin or fungus

178
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for Dermatophytes?

A
  • Humans
  • Dogs (young, hunting)
  • Cats
  • Rabbits
  • Free-roaming animals
179
Q

What is the portal of exit for Dermatophytes?

A

They create spores, which travel through broken skin!

180
Q

What is the effect of Dermatophytes on the host?

A

Patches of:
* Circular
* Alopecia
* Irregularly shaped areas
* Areas of scaling + crusting
* Redness
* Brittle
* Broken hairs

  • May or may not be puritic

Infection Control Yr1 (21 decks)

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