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Infection Control Yr1 > Pathogenic Microorganisms > Flashcards

Pathogenic Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the meaning of an ‘infectious agent’, in relation to viral disease

A

An agent that causes infection or an infectious disease

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2
Q

What is another name for an ‘infectious agent’?

A

a Pathogen

Pathogen = potential to cause disease

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3
Q

Describe what is meant by the ‘mode of transmission’

A

How an infectious agent can be transferred from one person, object, or animal, to another

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4
Q

Describe what a ‘reservoir’ is + give an example of one.

List 6 examples of the potential different types of reservoir.

A

A non-susceptible host organism which can harbor and distribute an infectious agent to other organisms.

Example: Bats harbor several virulent viruses (like Ebola) but they do not make them sick.

Examples:
1. Person
2. Animal
3. Objects
4. Environment
5. Food
6. Water

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5
Q

Define what is meant by the term ‘portal of entry’

A

Any route that a pathogen uses to enter the body (host)

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6
Q

Describe what is meant by a ‘susceptible host’

A

A animal, human or other - that have the intrinsic + extrinsic factors, which makes them suspectable to that pathogenic organism

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7
Q

Explain the difference between a host and a reservoir?

A

A reservoir is a non-susceptible host organism which can harbor and distribute an infectious agent to other organisms.

Whereas..

A host can also harbor an infectious disease, but may or may not harmed by the infected host.

A host also has the potential to:

  • Be used as a nutrient source for the developing pathogenic microorganism
  • Becomes hijacked by pathogen
  • Become ill + potentially infectious
  • Transmits the pathogen to another host
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8
Q

Define the meaning of ‘portal of exit’, in relation to viral disease

A

Any route that a pathogen uses to exits the body (reservoir/host)

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9
Q

What is the acronym for Feline Leukaemia Virus?

A

FeLV

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10
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is FeLV?

A

Virus

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11
Q

What is the infectious agent for FeLV?

Also known as the ‘Retrovirus’..

A

Feline Leukaemia Virus
(Retrovirus)

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12
Q

What is the resevoir for FeLV?

A

Felines

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13
Q

What is the mode of transmission for FeLV?

A
  • Transplacental transmission
  • Rare - direct contact with bodily fluids of infected felines
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14
Q

What is the portal of entry for FeLV?

A
  • Bite wounds
  • Food/water - this is rare
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15
Q

Who are the susceptible hosts for FeLV?

A

Felines

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16
Q

What is the portal of exit for FeLV?

A

Bodily fluids of infected felines:
* Saliva
* Urine
* Faeces
* Milk

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17
Q

What is the effect of FeLV on the host?

A

Infections of the:
* Skin
* Bladder
* Upper respiratory tract

Progressive weight loss

Persistant pyrexia

Pale gums + mm’s

Enlarged lymph nodes

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18
Q

What is the acronym for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius?

A

MRSP

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19
Q

What is the infectious agent for MRSP?

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius

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20
Q

What type of pathogenic organism is MRSP?

A

Bacteria - superbug

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21
Q

What are the 2 other terms used to define a ‘superbug’?

A

Nosocomial infection
or
HAI (Hospital Aquired Infection)

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22
Q

What are the 3 resevoirs for MRSP?

A
  • Canines
  • Felines
  • Humans
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23
Q

What is the mode of transmission for MRSP?

A

Direct contact with contaminated:
* Respiratory systems
* Fomites
* Surfaces

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24
Q

What is the portal of entry for MRSP?

A
  • Wound sites
  • Contaminated urine
  • IV Catheters
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25
Who are the susceptible hosts for MRSP?
* Canines * Felines * Humans (less common) ## Footnote Zoonotic!
26
What is the portal of exit for MRSP?
* Respiratory secretions + * aerosolised particles
27
What is the effect of MRSP on the host?
Infections of the: * Skin * Ear * Wound + surgical sites infections * Respiratory infections
28
What is the acronym for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus?
MRSA
29
What type of pathogenic organism is MRSA?
Bacteria - superbug/HAI
30
What is the infectious agent for MRSA?
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
31
What is the resevoir for MRSA?
Human
32
What is the mode of transmission for MRSA?
Direct contact: * Open sores + wounds * Contaminated surfaces
33
What is the portal of entry for MRSA?
* Open wounds * Surgical Incisions * Sores * Urinary tract * IV catheters
34
Who are the susceptible hosts for MRSA?
* Humans * Elderly * Young * Old * Immunocomprimised ## Footnote Zoonotic!
35
What is the portal of exit for MRSA?
Open sores + wounds
36
What is the effect of MRSA on the host?
* Skin infections leading to > respiratory + urinary infections
37
What is the acronym for Feline Calcivirus? ## Footnote Also known as the 'Feline Respiratory Disease'...
FCV
38
What type of pathogenic organism is FCV?
Virus
39
What is the infectious agent for FCV?
Feline Calcivirus (by Caliciviridae)
40
What is the resevoir for FCV?
Felines
41
What is the mode of transmission for FCV?
* Virus can survive, as aerolised particles, within the environment for a week * Direct contact with infected felines * In-direct contact with contaminated fomites + surfaces
42
What is the portal of entry for FCV?
Inhalation (Via respiratory tract)
43
Who are the susceptible hosts for FCV?
Felines
44
What is the portal of exit for FCV?
* Respiratory secretions * Aerosolied particles, from the environment
45
What is the effect of FCV on the host?
* Sneezing * Coughing * Nasal Congestion * Ulcers (on tongue + gums)
46
What is the acronym for Bordetella Bronchiseptica?
Kennel Cough! (KC)
47
What type of pathogenic organism is Bordetella Bronchiseptica?
Bacteria - gram-negative coccobacillus
48
What is the infectious agent for Kennel Cough?
Bordetella Bronchiseptica: * B Pertussis * B parapertussius
49
What are the 3 resevoirs for KC?
* Dogs * Cats * Rabbits
50
What is the mode of transmission for KC?
Direct contact: * Dogs touching noses Indirect contact: * Droplets * Areosolised particles from sneezing + coughing
51
What is the portal of entry for KC?
Inhaled (Into the respiratory tract + into the body)
52
Who are the susceptible hosts for KC?
* Canines * Felines * Rabbits
53
What is the portal of exit for KC?
Via respiratory tract + respiratory secretions
54
What is the effect of KC on the host?
* Hacking cough * Sneezing * Forthy white phelgm * Coughing sounds like something is stuck in the throat * Difficulty breathing
55
What is the acronym for Canine Herpes Virus?
CHV
56
What type of pathogenic organism is CHV?
Virus (enveloped)
57
What is the infectious agent for CHV?
Canine Herpes Virus
58
What is the resevoir for CHV?
Canines
59
What is the mode of transmission for CHV?
Direct contact: Bodily fluids of a contaminated animal
60
What is the portal of entry for CHV?
Ingestion via mucous membranes
61
Who are the susceptible hosts for CHV?
Dogs
62
What is the portal of exit for CHV?
Bodily fluids + Transplacental
63
What is the effect of CHV on the host?
* Ocular + nasal discharge + inflammation * Gential sores * Coughing * Sneezing * Vaginal + penile discharge
64
What is the acronym for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus? ## Footnote Also known as the 'Lentivirus'..
FIV
65
What type of pathogenic organism is FIV?
Virus
66
What is the infectious agent for FIV?
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (Lentivirus)
67
What is the resevoir for FIV?
Felines
68
What is the mode of transmission for FIV?
Direct transmission: bites Bodily fluids from
69
What is the portal of entry for FIV?
Bites + bite wounds (from Infected felines)
70
Who are the susceptible hosts for FIV?
Felines
71
What is the portal of exit for FIV?
Saliva (of Infected felines)
72
What is the effect of FeLV on the host?
* Reduces immune response to other infections * Gingivitis * Emaciation/Cachexia (Weight loss) * Anorexia * Pyrexia * Swollen lymph nodes * V+ * D+
73
What is the acronym for Canine Parvovirus? ## Footnote Focus on type 2.. (CPV)...
CPV, CPV2, or 'parvo'
74
What type of pathogenic organism is Canine Parvovirus?
Virus
75
What is the infectious agent for Parvo?
Canine Parvovirus, type 2 (CPV)
76
What is the resevoir for Parvo?
Contaminated enivornment: * Soil contaminated by infected faeces
77
What is the mode of transmission for Parvo?
Direct contact: * Dog to Dog Contaminated: * Faeces * Environment (soil) * Fomites * Surfaces
78
What is the portal of entry for Parvo?
Ingestion (via mouth)
79
Who are the susceptible hosts for Parvo?
Dogs Particularly: * Puppies <4 months * Unvaccinated
80
What is the portal of exit for Parvo?
Gastrointestinal tract - faeces
81
What is the effect of Parvo on the host?
* Severe D+++ (including Hematochezia) * Pyrexia * Abdominal pain * Bloating * Dehydration * Can lead to Septic shock
82
What is the acronym for Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae + Leptospira Canicola?
Lepto
83
What type of pathogenic organisms are Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae + Leptospira Canicola?
Bacteria - spirochete
84
What are the infectious agents for Lepto?
Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae + Leptospira Canicola
85
What are the resevoirs for Lepto?
Main resevior - Rodents * Dogs + * Cattle * Pigs * Horses
86
What is the mode of transmission for Lepto?
Both direct + in-direct contact Direct contact, with infectious + contaminated: * Tissues * Organs * Urine * Bodily fluids In-direct contact, with contaminated: * Water * Soil * Food
87
What is the portal of entry for Lepto?
Surfaces of: * MM's * Conjunctival * Oral * Genital + * Cuts + abrasions
88
Who are the susceptible hosts for Lepto?
* Human * Cattle * Dogs * Cats | Zoonotic!
89
What is the portal of exit for Lepto?
Urine
90
What is the effect of Lepto on the host?
* Jaundice * Fever * V+ * Abdominal pain * Severe muscle pain
91
What are the acronyms for Lyssavirus?
* RABV * LV * Rabies!
92
What is the infectious agent for Rabies?
Lyssavirus
93
What type of pathogenic organism is Lyssavirus?
Virus
94
What are the 2 resevoirs for Rabies?
* Bats - true resevoir/hosts * Foxes
95
What is the mode of transmission for Rabies?
Direct contact: * Broken skin * MMs * Saliva
96
What is the portal of entry for Rabies?
Bites from a 'rabid' animal/host
97
Who are the 2 susceptible hosts for Rabies?
All mammals + humans ## Footnote Zoonotic!
98
What is the portal of exit for Rabies?
* Saliva + MMs in: * Eyes * Nose * Mouth
99
What is the effect of Rabies on the host?
* Muscle weakness * Pyrexia * Frothing of Saliva, of the mouth * General paralysis * Convulsions
100
What is the acronym for Escherichia-coli?
E-coli
101
What type of pathogenic organism is Escherichia-coli?
Bacteria - gram-negative bacillus
102
What is the infectious agent for E-coli?
Escherichia-coli 'Shiga toxin-producing E-Coli' (STEC)
103
What is the resevoir for E-Coli?
Grass-feeding animals (Cattle etc)
104
What is the mode of transmission for E-Coli?
In-direct contact: * Consumption of contaminated foods + water Example: * Grass-fed animals, ingesting the bacteria, whilst grazing on contaminated grass
105
What is the portal of entry for E-Coli?
Ingestion Consuming contaminated: * Food * Water
106
Who are the susceptible hosts for E-Coli?
* Humans * Dogs * Cats * Birds * Cattle * Pigs * Horses ## Footnote Zoonotic!
107
What is the portal of exit for E-Coli?
Gastrointestinal tract - faeces
108
What is the effect of E-Coli on the host?
* V+ * Nausea * Abdominal cramps * Hematochezia (+ watery) * Pyrexia
109
What is the acronym for Salmonella?
Salmonella or Salmonellosis
110
What type of pathogenic organism is Salmonella?
Bacteria - gram negative rods genus
111
What is the infectious agent for Salmonella?
Salmonella spp or Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium
112
What are the 2 resevoirs for Salmonella?
Poultry + Livestock
113
What is the mode of transmission for Salmonella?
Direct + Indirect. Direct: Contact with contaminated: * Animal or human * Faeces * Food Indirect: * Contact with environments where animals live and roam * Consumption of food/drink prepared in contaminated environments
114
What is the portal of entry for Salmonella?
Direct: * Ingestion * Fecal * Oral * Eating contaminated food * Drinking contaminated fluids Indirect: Contact with contaminated: * Fomites * Surfaces * Acccidental ingestion
115
Who are the susceptible hosts for Salmonella?
* Humans * Poultry * Livestock * Rodents * Amphibians * Small mammals * Farm mammals ## Footnote Zoonotic!
116
What is the portal of exit for Salmonella?
Gastrointestinal tract - faeces
117
What is the effect of Salmonella on the host?
* V+ * D+ * Pyrexia * Anorexia * Decreased activity level
118
What is the acronym for Campylobacter Jejuni? ## Footnote Also known as.. the 'human diarrheal pathogen'
* Campylobacter * Campylobacteriosis
119
What type of pathogenic organism is Campylobacter Jejuni?
Bacteria - gut
120
What is the infectious agent for Campylobacter?
* C jejuni jejuni * C coli * C upsaliensis * C helveticus
121
What are the resevoirs for Campylobacter?
* Dogs * Cats * Chickens + other poultry * Farm animals
122
What is the mode of transmission for Campylobacter?
Direct + Indirect. Indirect contact: * Consumption of raw or undercooked poultry or * Consumption of something that has touched it Direct contact: With infected.. * Animals * Humans * Faeces * Drinking untreated water
123
What is the portal of entry for Campylobacter?
Ingestion: * Faecal * Oral
124
Who are the susceptible hosts for Campylobacter?
* Humans * Dogs * Cats * Poultry * Farm animals ## Footnote Zoonotic!
125
What is the portal of exit for Campylobacter?
Faeces
126
What is the effect of Campylobacter on the host?
* Recurrent watery/mucoid D+ * Tenesmus * Abdominal cramps + pain * Lethargy * Pyrexia
127
What is the acronym for Giardia Duodenalis?
Giardia
128
What type of pathogenic organism is Giardia Duodenalis?
Protozoa - flagellate
129
What is the infectious agent for Giardia?
Giardia lamblia 2 strains: * G. Intestinalis * G. Duodenalis ## Footnote Focus on/most common in vet practice = Giardia Duodenalis
130
What are the 3 resevoirs for Giardia?
* Environment * Contaminated soil + faeces * Faeces of infected animals ## Footnote Faeces = most common source/resevoir of infection in dogs
131
What is the mode of transmission for Giardia?
Direct + indirect contact. Direct: * Infected faeces Indirect: Contaminated.. * Water * Food * Surfaces * Objects
132
What is the portal of entry for Giardia?
* Ingestion - of giardia cysts - * Fecal * Oral
133
Who are the susceptible hosts for Giardia?
* Dogs * Cats * Cows * Goats * Wildlife Some strains through: * Humans ## Footnote Can be zoonotic! - given the right strain!
134
What is the portal of exit for Giardia?
Gastrointestinal tract - faeces
135
What is the effect of Giardia on the host?
* D+ * Gas * Abdominal discomfort * Nausea * V+ *Infection can be present + be asymptomatic!!*
136
What is the acronym for Clostridium tetani?
* C. tetani or * Tetanus * Lockjaw ## Footnote People often call tetanus “lockjaw” because one of the most common signs of this infection is tightening of the jaw muscles
137
What type of pathogenic organism is Clostridium tetani?
Bacteria - spore-forming, gram-positive, slender, anaerobic rod
138
What is the infectious agent for C.tetani?
Clostridium tetani
139
What are the 3 resevoirs for C.tetani?
Contaminated environment: * Soil * Animals + humans carry bacilli in their intestines!
140
What is the mode of transmission for C.tetani?
In-direct contact. In-direct: Spores from.. * Soil * Faeces or contaminated.. * Wounds * Abrasions ## Footnote Not from human to human.
141
What are the 3 portals of entry for C.tetani?
* Puncture wounds * Lacerations * Burns
142
Who are the 4 susceptible hosts for C.tetani?
* Humans * Horses * Dogs * Cats ## Footnote Zoonotic!
143
What is the portal of exit for C.tetani?
Gastrointestinal tract - faeces
144
What is the effect of C.tetani on the host?
A history of: * Wounds (Typically within a period of 4 weeks) * Lameness * Stiffness * Colic (Systemic) Can progress quickly to... * Abnormal gait * Trembling * Muscle spasms * Inability to open the mouth (Lockjaw)
145
What is the acronym for Babesia?
Babesiosis
146
What type of pathogenic organism is Babesia?
Protozoa
147
What is the infectious agent for Babesia?
* B. canis Other strains: * B. vogel * B. gibsoni * B. vulpes
148
What is the resevoir for Babesia?
Ticks (Ixodes spp) They are the vectors of the disease. | 'Tick borne disease'
149
What is the mode of transmission for Babesia?
Indirect contact/transmission. (The feeding of the tick, containing the infection)
150
What is the portal of entry for Babesia?
Bite from infected tick * Tick spits our pathogen, whilst feeding * Into blood stream * Hyjacks RBCs
151
Who are the 3 susceptible hosts for Babesia?
* Humans * Dogs * Cats ## Footnote Zoonotic!
152
What is the portal of exit for Babesia?
1. Tick bites reservoir/host 2. Ingests Babesia pathogen 3. Babesia infects the RBCs
153
What is the effect of Babesia on the host?
* Apathy (Lack of interest) * Weakness * Anorexia * Pale mm's
154
What is the acronym for Toxoplasma Gondii?
Toxo or Toxoplasmosis
155
What type of pathogenic organism is Toxoplasma Gondii?
Protoza
156
What is the infectious agent for Toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma Gondii Three forms: * Tachyzoites (in groups or clones) * Bradyzoites (in tissue cysts) * Sporozoites (in oocysts)
157
What is the resevoir for Toxoplasmosis?
Felines ## Footnote Dogs can get it - rare, potential zoonoses from other strains!
158
What is the mode of transmission for Toxoplasmosis?
In-direct: * Contaminated soil or faeces * Ingestion of infected intermediate hosts ## Footnote Infected animals, hunted + caught = intermediate hosts
159
What is the portal of entry for Toxoplasmosis?
* Ingestion through the consumption of infected (intermediate hosts) rodents, birds + other small mammals Accidental ingestion of: * Contaminated water * Contaminated meat (Especially pork, lamb or venison) * Undercooked/raw food (Especially raw meat or shellfish, like oysters, clams or mussels) * Non-sufficient hand-washing * Handling shellfish * Contact with contaminated: * Soil * Faeces
160
Who are the main 2 susceptible hosts for Toxoplasmosis?
Humans + Cats ## Footnote Zoonotic!
161
What is the portal of exit for Toxoplasmosis
Gastrointestinal tract - faeces
162
What is the effect of Toxoplasmosis on the host?
* Asymptomatic or * Pyrexia * D+ * Cough * Dyspnoea * Seizures * Abortion + stillbirth
163
What is the acronym for Coccidia Eimeria?
* Cocci * Cocci-E * Coccidia * Coccidiosis
164
What type of pathogenic organism is Coccidia Eimeria?
Protozoa
165
What is the infectious agent for Coccidia?
Coccidia Eimeria or Coccidia spp
166
What are the resevoirs for Coccidia?
* The intestinal wall of dogs + sheep + * Soil, within the evironment
167
What is the mode of transmission for Coccidia?
Direct or in-direct depends on strains. Coccidia Eimeria is often direct (with oocysts).. Direct contact: * Ingestion of sporulated oocysts - passed in the faeces of infected rabbits (Fecal-oral route)
168
What is the portal of entry for Coccidia?
Ingestion: Consuming contaminated.. * Food * Water + direct contact with contaminated soil/fecal matter
169
Who are the 3 susceptible hosts for Coccidia?
* Humans * Dogs * Farm animals ## Footnote Zoonotic!
170
What is the portal of exit for Coccidia?
Gastrointestinal tract - faeces
171
What is the effect of Coccidia on the host?
* Severe D+++ * Weight loss * Dehydration * Lethargy
172
What is the acronym for Dermatophytes?
* Ringworm * Dermatophytosis * Tinea - 'tinea infection'
173
What type of pathogenic organism is Dermatophytes?
Fungi
174
What is the infectious agent for Ringworm?
Dermatophytes 4 main types: * Microsporum canis - 70% * Microsporum gypseum - 20% * Trichophyton mentagrophytes - 10% * Epidermophyton ## Footnote Dermatophytes
175
What are the resevoirs for Dermatophytes?
Environment: * Contaminated soil The surfaces of the skin on: * Humans * Animals
176
What is the mode of transmission for Dermatophytes?
Direct contact with Infected: * Humans * Animals * Fomites * Surfaces ## Footnote They love warm environments.
177
What are the portals of entry for Dermatophytes?
* Open wounds * Broken skin Contact with infected: * Skin * Bodily fluids Inhalation: * Inhaled particles from infected skin or fungus
178
Who are the susceptible hosts for Dermatophytes?
* Humans * Dogs (young, hunting) * Cats * Rabbits * Free-roaming animals
179
What is the portal of exit for Dermatophytes?
They create spores, which travel through broken skin!
180
What is the effect of Dermatophytes on the host?
Patches of: * Circular * Alopecia * Irregularly shaped areas * Areas of scaling + crusting * Redness * Brittle * Broken hairs * May or may not be puritic

Infection Control Yr1 (21 decks)

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