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Biology - Microbiology > Virus - Infection > Flashcards

Virus - Infection Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four ways viruses can infect?

A

Latent
Persistent
Lysis
Transformationq

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2
Q

What does transformation infection lead to?

A

Tumor cells with oncogenic virus development

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3
Q

What is the process of transformation?

A

The virus carrying oncogenes with capacity for cancer by altering host behaviour

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4
Q

What is the general infection cycle?

A

Binding surface of a host, receptor-ligand interactions, membrane fusion or receptor-mediated endocytosis, host DNA insertion, virion assembly then budding.

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5
Q

How do retroviruses infect?

A

Integrate into genem and produced cDNA where viral integrase integrate them into genome

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6
Q

What are examples of transformation viruses?

A

Retrovirus
Human papillomavirus

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7
Q

How does Human Papillomavirus infect?

A

Contain oncogenes within own genome, integration leading to host cell machinery expression

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8
Q

HPV

A

This carries oncogene E6 which inhibits P53 function

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9
Q

What is lysis infection?

A

This is infection of a host with dealth, being pathogenic, like ebola

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10
Q

How does Ebola infiltrate?

A

Containing glycoproteins binding Niemann-Pick C1 receptors with endocytic internalisation and endosomal transportations

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11
Q

What is the intracellular life-cycle of Ebola?

A

RNA injectied into cytoplasm by glycoprotein fusion, replicated by viral polymerase enzymes

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12
Q

What is persistent infection?

A

This is slow-killing of cell, with slow virus release like HIV

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13
Q

How does HIV enter the cell?

A

CCR5 co-receptor aand CD4 receptor with transcriptase DNA for host integration

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14
Q

How do HIV evade host immune response?

A

Dormancy of viral genome for persistence.

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15
Q

How does HIV remain dormant?

A

Inhibition of host cell transcription by binding TF like P53 and NF-kB like NEF protein.

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16
Q

How is HIV latency maintained?

A

Epigenetic modifications of viral promoter as well as repression of chromatin remodelling complexes that bind the HIV LTR region

17
Q

LTR region

A

This is a cis-acting regulatory element that controls the initiation and regulation of HIV transcription.

18
Q

What does prolonged HIV infection result in?

A

Replication in T Cells depleting their efficiency with progressive immune dysfunction

19
Q

Viral Integrase Enzyme

A

This catalyses viral DNA integration into the host for dsDNA incorporation into host genome forming provirus

20
Q

Provirus

A

This is the viral genetic material able to replicate, incorporated into the host genome

21
Q

How is latency reactivation stimulated?

A

Environemtnal signals where peristence triggers immune response with antibody production and immune cell activation

22
Q

What is latent finfection?

A

Virus is present but not harmful until stimulated, like Herpesvirus

23
Q

What are the steps of the Virus life cycle?

A

Attachment
Uncoating
Replication
Biosynthesis
Assembly of virus
Budding

24
Q

How does attachment occur?

A

Outer envelope surrounding the genome has proteins binding host cells, or membrane fusion

25
Q

What is the process of uncoating?

A

Release of nucleic acids with fusion of envelope with the host membrane like measles

26
Q

How can uncoating occur?

A

Endosomal acidification for enveloped viruses or proteolytic cleavage of capsid for naked viruses

27
Q

What does replication require?

A

Formation of dsDNA from the viral genome then transport into nucleus with integrase incorporation.

28
Q

How does integrase faciltiate its function?

A

Binds long terminal repeats of virus and Barrier-To-Autointegration Factor of host

29
Q

How does biosynthesis occur?

A

Binding of RNAP to promoters of the virus with epigenetic modifications

30
Q

What are the THREE CATEGORIES of viral infection?

A

Entry - Attachement, uncoating
Replication - Biosynthesis
Exit - Assembly and budding

Biology - Microbiology (19 decks)

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