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biology - microbiology > Pathology - Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Pathology - Pathogenesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Infection

A

Any microbial growth not usually present in the host.

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2
Q

Disease

A

Damage or injury that impairs host function.

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3
Q

Why does the host have different levels of susceptibility and resistance to each pathogen variety?

A

Has the determinants of pathogenicity are different to each pathogen.

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4
Q

Oppurtunisitc Pathogens

A

Pathogens usually harmless in healthy people, but virulent in immunocompromised hosts.

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5
Q

How might normal flora cause disease to host.

A

If the host is immunocompromised

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6
Q

What is pathogenicity measured by?

A

Pathogen virulence

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7
Q

Virulence

A

The relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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8
Q

How does virulence differ from pathogenicity

A

Virulence derives from host-pathogen interactions and is influenced by the host, pathogen and the envrionment.

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9
Q

Lethal Dose 50

A

Describes number of pathogens it takes to kill 50% of animals in a test group.

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10
Q

How is virulence measured?

A

LD50

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11
Q

Why is it hard to determine LD50 of highly virulent pathogens?

A

Because highly virulent pathogens show little difference in pathogens it takes to kill 50% compared to 100%.

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12
Q

Double Knock Out

A

Where two genes are knocked out simultaneously in an organism.

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13
Q

Attenuation

A

Decreased or complete loss of virulence of a pathogen

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14
Q

What might cause attenuation?

A

Weakly virulent pathognes in a culture have no selective advantage.

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15
Q

Vectors

A

A living organism transmitting an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or other animal.

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16
Q

How might one deliver a heterogenous antigen to bacteria?

A

Vectors.

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17
Q

How is attenuation artificially achieved?

A

Employment of recombinant DNA generating live-attenuated bacterial vaccine vectors through deletion of genes involved in virluence.

18
Q

What is an example of artifical attenuation?

A

Decreased phoP/phoQ system in salmonella.

19
Q

Glycocalyx

A

A polymer secreted by bcateria and coating its surface.

20
Q

Examples of bacterias adherence capabilities?

A

Glycocalyx, Fimbraie, Pili and Flagella, capsule and slime layer.

21
Q

Difference between slime layer and capsule?

A

S-layer are composed of polymers extending from the cell and capsule surround the cell, important in adhesion in most bacteria.

22
Q

Where are capsules most commonly employed?

A

Protecting pathogens against host defense.

23
Q

What is an example of utilising capsule in host infection?

A

Steptococcus Pneumonia virulence factor is the capsule.

24
Q

What does the S.Pneumonia capsule allow it to do?

A

Grow to vast numbers in host tissues with ability to initate host responses leading infection.

25
Q

Why might a capsule be essential in infeciton?

A

Nonencapsulated strains are often phagocytosed very easily.

26
Q

Where do pili bind specifically?

A

Host surface glycoproteins.

27
Q

How are Fimbraie used in E.Coli?

A

Causing Diarrhoea by enterotoxic strains containg genes for fimbriae colonization factor antigens adhering small intestine where E.Coli grow, causing diarrhea.

28
Q

EnteroToxin

A

A toxin produced that affects the intestine.

29
Q

Why is adherence important?

A

Provides nutrional acquistional capabilites and protection against envrionmental stress.

30
Q

What is the first stage in infection?

A

Invasion

31
Q

Invasion

A

The pathogens ability to enter host cells, spread and cause disease.

32
Q

Where does invasion often occur?

A

Skin/tissue damage or mucous rich regions.

33
Q

What do pathogens often do upon entry into a host?

A

Remain local where multireplicaiton and invasion occurs at a singularity.

34
Q

Baceremia

A

Viable bacteria in the blood.

35
Q

Septicemia

A

Life threatening reactions to infections.

36
Q

What is an important note in regards to infection?

A

It does not always cause host damage.

37
Q

What is infection dependent on?

A

Sufficient nutrients for the bacteria and adherence to surfaces.

38
Q

What is a major limiting growth factor for bacteria?

A

Iron.

39
Q

In regards to iron, how does a host respond to bacteria?

A

Transferrins and Lactoferrins are high affinity iron binders, sequestering it from the host.

40
Q

How can bacteria counter host iron sequesteration?

A

Siderophoresn.

41
Q

What is infection often associated with?

A

Biofilm formation.

42
Q

What is an example of biofilm formation in infection?

A

Dental plaques in tooth enamel by streptococci.

biology - microbiology (19 decks)

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