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Biology - Microbiology > Structure - Bacterial Alternate Structures > Flashcards

Structure - Bacterial Alternate Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Inclusions

A

Cellular energy reserves and carbon reservoirs.

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2
Q

Why do bacteria prefer carbon stored in insoluble form?

A

Reduction of osmotic stress due to reduced cytoplasmic substance dissolution

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3
Q

General structure of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid/

A

Hydroxybutyrate polymerised via Ester linkages

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4
Q

What is the variable length of hydroxybutyrate?

A

C3-C18.

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5
Q

What is hydroxybutyrate generally referred to as?

A

poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate.

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6
Q

When are poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate synthesised?

A

When cell is saturated with carbon, to be used as an energy source.

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7
Q

What can cell inclusions store?

A

Carbon, sulfur, phosphate etc.

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8
Q

What form do Cell Inclusions store phosphate in?

A

Polyphosphate form.

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9
Q

Why are phoshpate cell inclusions important?

A

Phosphate is often a limiting nutrient

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10
Q

Magnetosomes

A

Allow certain magnetotactic bacterial cells to move towards the magnetic field of earth.

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11
Q

What is the main component of a magnetosome?

A

Fe3O4

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12
Q

Why is Fe3O4 important?

A

Guides cells twoards earths magnetic field to lower O2 levles.

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13
Q

Gas Vesicles

A

Increase cell buoyancy by decreasing cell density.

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14
Q

What is an example of where gas vesicles are used?

A

Planktonic organisms floating within nutrient rich locations.

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15
Q

What does the structure of the gas vesicle allow for its function?

A

Gas difusion but water impermeability.

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16
Q

What proteins make up the vesicle structre?

A

GvpA forms watertight vesicle shells that are small, hydrophobic and rigid whilst GvpC links these GvpA together

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of Gas Vescile buoyancy?

A

Contain 1/10 cell density, inflating decraasing overall density, increasing buoyancy.

18
Q

In what process are endospores produced.

A

During sporulation

19
Q

What are some chemical characterisitcs of endospores?

A

Resistinat to heat, harsh chemical and radiation.

20
Q

What is the function of endospores?

A

Allow an organisms to endure unfavourable conditiosn

21
Q

What organisms are endospores usually foudn in?

A

Bacillus or soil bacteria.

22
Q

What happends to VG during sporulation?

A

It enters a dormancy like stage without growth but high resistance.

23
Q

What are the three steps of endospore invigoration after formation?

A

Activation, Germination, Outgrowth.

24
Q

What happens in endospore activation?

A

Heat endospores elevates temeprautres.

25
Q

What happens in endospore Germnination?

A

Nutrient supplication which decreases resistance due to increaseing refractility.

26
Q

What happens in endospore Outgrowth?

A

Water uptake, DNA/RNA/PROTEIN synthesis, cell emergence from broken endospores.

27
Q

How are endospores observed in culutre?

A

Impermeable to dyes, seen as unstained regions, special stains used.

28
Q

What are the four layers distinct in endospores from VG?

A

Exosporium, spore, cortex then core.

29
Q

How much of endospore dry weight is dipicolinic acid?

A

10%

30
Q

What does Dipicolinic acid do?

A

Binds free water to dehydrate the cell and stabilses DNA against heat denaturation, inserting between bases.

31
Q

How does the endospore core differe from VG cytoplasm?

A

Less water and small acid soluble spore protiens.

32
Q

What is the important of less water in endospore core?

A

Increases gel-like consistency allowing heat resistance of their macromolecules.

33
Q

What are the functions of SASSP?

A

Protecting DNA from UV damage, compacting it from B form to A form and as carbon source in outgrowht.

34
Q

How many proteins are required for sporulation?

A

over 200 requiring differential protein synthesis.

35
Q

What happens genetically in sporulation?

A

Activation of endospore specific genes and inactivation of VG genes.

36
Q

What is the first stage in sporulation?

A

Asymmetric cell divions forming forespore and mother cell

37
Q

What is the second stage of sporulaiton?

A

TF control each gene expressive fates.

38
Q

When does sporulation occur?

A

After DNA replication completes one round so chromosome copies are available.

39
Q

What happens when division occurs in sporulation?

A

Forespore is engulfed by mother cell

40
Q

How does forespore engulfing occur?

A

Proteins facilitate membrane migration around forespore.

Biology - Microbiology (19 decks)

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