Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology - Microbiology > Pathology - Antibiotics History > Flashcards

Pathology - Antibiotics History Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Antimicrobial Resistance

A

When microorganisms evolve to evade antibiotic effects through various mecahnisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Antimicrobial Resistance refer to?

A

Microorganisms adapt from medications once impacting them to a state they’re resistant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are examples of Antibiotics mechanism of action?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Interfer with membranes permeability
Inhibitiion on ribosome subunits
Blockage of metabolic steps
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Intrinsic Resistance

A

Resistance by a naturually occuring feature typical of bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Example of Intrinsic Resistance?

A

Streptococci lack nitroreductases that convert metronidazole to active state required for its activty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mutational Resistance

A

Generational or spontaneous chromosmal mutations, producing resistant strains through naturual selection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Acquired Resistance

A

Horizontal acquistion from other microorganisms encoding for genetic resistances through conjugation, transduction and transformation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transduction

A

Translocation of DNA from bacterium to another, utilising bacteriophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transformation

A

Where bacteria acquire DNA segments within the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

A bacteriologist whom discovered bacteria when a petri dish containing staphylococci on a bench got contaminated by a fungus affecting growth of nearby bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What fungus inhibited bacterial growth?

A

Penicillium Notatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happened in 1939 after Flemings Discovery?

A

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain designed a method to culture fungu and produce it to test its antimicrobial abilities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the first experimental test of Penicilllum Notatum?

A

Injection of mice with fatal doses of streptoccous then treatment with the fungus with surivval rates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does penicillin exert its effects?

A

Upon highly conserved PG cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the structure of penicillin

A

Contains a Beta-Lactam Ring, a Thiazoldine Ring and a 6-Aminopenicillinanic Acid Side chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Beta-Lactam Ring

A

A four membered ring inhibiting transpeptidase by mimicking two of D0alanine of the peptide with irreversible binding to PBP.

17
Q

Why does Beta-Lactam binding to PBP result in?

A

Inability of PG cross-linking making cell susceptible to lysis.

18
Q

Penicillin

A

A molecule with a beta-lactam based ring

19
Q

How do Penicillin generations differ from one another?

A

Different chemical residues with different functions attached to the beta lactam ring

20
Q

What is an example of the diversity of Penicillins?

A

Benzylpenicillins are more active against GPB of cocci and bacilli shape, not so effective against GNB

21
Q

Why are penicillins commonly poor against GNB?

A

Occurence of OM and ability to produce beta-lactamases.

22
Q

Beta-Lactamases

A

Bacteria produced enzymes giving multi-resistance capabilties to beta-lactam antibiotics.

23
Q

What are some sescond generation penicillins?

A

Oxacillin, Methicillin and dicloxacillin.

24
Q

Anti-Staphylococcal Antibiotics

A

A class of second generations beta lactams used to treat bacterial infections

25
Q

Aminopenicillins

A

Third generation group of antibiotics with additional amin groups enhancing antibacterial activity.

26
Q

When did the first penicillin resistant bacteria develop?

A

E.Coli in 1940 producing penicillinase

27
Q

How many S.aureus species were resistant to penicillin by 1960?

A

80 percent.

28
Q

What is an example of early mechanisist resistance against penicillin?

A

1981 methicillin resistant chains altered original PBP to PBP-2a with reduced affinity.

29
Q

What does ROS do in bacteria?

A

Induce oxidatitve stress, affects Na/K ATPase pumps etc.

30
Q

How might genetically engineered E.Coli provide Antibiotic alternatives?

A

They can secrete antimicrobial peptides in response to quorum sensing molecules

31
Q

Phage Therapy

A

Uttilises bacteriophages to target specific bacteira.

32
Q

What are some alternatives to antibiotics?

A

Phage Therapy
Metal Nanoparticles
Genetically Engineerd E.Coli
Hygeine

Biology - Microbiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions