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Biology - Microbiology > Pathology - Gram Negative Bacteria > Flashcards

Pathology - Gram Negative Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria

A

Bacteria containing an OM and IM containing a pg cell wall within a periplasm, highly resistance to bacteria.

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2
Q

What are the two groups of GNB in regards to ICU patients?

A

Enterobacteriacea and Nonfermenting

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3
Q

Enterobacteriaceae

A

A group of GNB, facultative anaerobic Bacilli typically inhabiting mammallian gut.

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4
Q

Nonfermenting gram negative bacilli

A

Aerobic, non-spore forming bacilli that can degrade carbohydrates in ways other than through fermentation.

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5
Q

Bacterial fermentation

A

Anaerobic catabolic reactions producing ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.

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6
Q

What are the three layers that can exist exterior to the OM in GNB?

A

Capsule and S-layers.

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7
Q

Capsule

A

A gel like- polysachharide rich layer exterior to the outer membrane.

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8
Q

What is the first line of defense for bacteria?

A

The capsule.

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9
Q

What is the structure of the Capsule in Gram POSITIVE Bacteria?

A

A viscous layer of carbs covalently bound to the cell wall.

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10
Q

How do CPS achieve virulence?

A

Masking the more conserved, immunogenic components of bacteria.

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11
Q

What are some characterisitcs of the PS?

A

Diverse structures with HMW and are water saturated.

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12
Q

What does the plateua of CPS do?

A

Creates a water saturated layer that blocks infection, limits dessication and thrwarts phagocytosis by phagogcytes by restricting antigen access.

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13
Q

What are the three LPS regions?

A

Lipid A, Oligosaccharide and the O Antigen

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14
Q

Structure of Lipid A

A

A diphosphorylated N-Acetylglucosamine disaccharide with acyl chains extending from them.

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15
Q

What is the structure of the Core Oligosaccharide?

A

Has an inner core bound to Lipid A and an outer core linked to a terminal heptose of the inner core.

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16
Q

What is the structure of the O Antigen?

A

A repetitive glycan chain varying in composition and lenght, masked from the envrionment.

17
Q

What bacteria can have Exopolysaccharides?

A

Both GPB and GNB

18
Q

ExoPolysaccharides

A

An ECM macromolecule excreted as a tightly bound capsule or loosely attached slime layer.

19
Q

What is the function of exopolysaccharides?

A

Determinants of biofilm formation

20
Q

S-Layers

A

A layer Potentially protecting the cell from phagocytosis, harmful enzymes and other aggressions.

21
Q

What are the different mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

A

Efflux pumps
Alteration of drug binding sites
Membrane permeability alteration
Degradative enzymes
Inactivation of drugs through inhbiition

22
Q

Whats the most immunogenic constituetn of GNB?

A

OM LPS

23
Q

What does TLR4-LPS binding result in?

A

Chemokine/Cytokine exppression and release.

24
Q

How many GNB bacteria are Enterobacteriaceae

A

About 80%

25
Q

What are characterisitcs of Enterobacteriaea?

A

Limited Mobility, Bacilli structure, Facultatative Anaerobes, Cytochrome Oxidase Negative and can reduce nitrate to nitrie.

26
Q

Cytochrome oxidsase Negative

A

Bacteria lacking cytochrome c oxidase of the OP

27
Q

How can Enterobacteria resist antibiotics?

A

Diffusion of plasmids by conjugation.

28
Q

Conjugation

A

The union of unicellular organisms with exchange of genetic material

29
Q

Carbapenemases

A

B lactamases with very versatile hydrolytic capabilities

30
Q

What is the function of carbapenemases?

A

They can hydrolyse penicillin.

31
Q

What are characteristics of Non-fermenting bacteria?

A

Aerbobic, Non sporulated and incapable of sugar fermentation.

32
Q

Multiresistance Gram Negative Bacteria

A

A type of GNB with resistance to multiple antibiotics.

33
Q

When did carbapenemases emerge?

A

About 20 years ago.

Biology - Microbiology (19 decks)

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