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Respiratory Pathophysiology > Viral Injury of the Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Viral Injury of the Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

where are particles over 10 microns, 3-10 microns, and smaller deposited in the respiratory tract?

A

over 10 microns: mucosa of nasal cavity and upper airways
3-10 microns: trachea and bronchi
smaller: terminal airways and alveoli

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2
Q

what viruses have a predisposition to the upper respiratory tract?

A

rhinoviruses and herpesviruses

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3
Q

what two mechanisms will viruses follow?

A

either enter a specific cell type directly and cause cell death or gets taken up by alveolar macrophages and transported to regional lymph nodes, leading to viremia and secondarily invading respiratory epithelial cells

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4
Q

what is the innate immune response to respiratory viruses?

A

toll-like receptors recognize, release cytokines and chemokines
natural killer cells and neutrophils

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5
Q

viruses that cause respiratory disease are ______________ for the cells in which they replicate

A

cytocidal

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6
Q

what leads to cell death by a virus?

A

severe biochemical alterations occur in cells
early: stop host cell protein and RNA synthesis
later: large viral macromolecules accumulate and can be toxic
inclusion bodies
multinucleated giant cells

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7
Q

what do inclusion bodies show?

A

some viruses have virions and proteins accumulate in crystalline aggregates in the nucleus or cytoplasm

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8
Q

what is the most important factor in determining if an animal will develop signs and what they will be?

A

amount and location of tissue destruction and inflammation

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9
Q

what characterizes the inflammatory response in a viral infection?

A

hyperemia
vascular leakage of plasma proteins
extravasation of leukocytes

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10
Q

what area of inflammation does coughing indicate?

A

trachea and bronchi

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11
Q

if the inflammatory reaction primarily involves the terminal airways and alveoli, what will the signs be?

A

if small amount of damage: pneumonitis with impaired gas exchage: hyperpnea and increased respiratory effort
severe: dyspnea and cyanosis (alveoli full of plasma proteins and inflammatory cells)

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12
Q

what are examples of canine viruses that predispose them to secondary bacterial infections?

A

canine parainfluenza virus
canine adenovirus type-2
canine distemper virus

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13
Q

what are examples of feline viruses that predispose them to secondary bacterial infections?

A

feline herpesvirus (FVR)
calicivirus

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14
Q

what are examples of bovine viruses that predispose them to secondary bacterial infections?

A

parainfluenza-3
IBR
bovine respiratory syncytial virus

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15
Q

what are examples of equine viruses that predispose them to secondary bacterial infections?

A

equine herpesvirus I (equine rhinopneumonitis)
equine type A influenzavirus

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16
Q

what are examples of porcine viruses that predispose them to secondary bacterial infections?

A

porcine circovirus type 2
porcine respiratory corona virus
swine influenzavirus (H1N1 and H3N2)

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17
Q

what are examples of avian viruses that predispose them to secondary bacterial infections?

A

avian influenza virus
avian herpesvirus
newcastle disease virus

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18
Q

what are the two subfamilies of herpetoviridae?

A

alpha-herpesviruses
beta-herpesviruses

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19
Q

where do herpetoviridae have predisposition to infect?

A

nasal passages
trachea
bronchi

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20
Q

what viruses can establish latency? what cells?

A

herpesviruses
certain ones, especially neurons

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21
Q

what diseases is equine herpesvirus I responsible for?

A

equine rhinopneumonitis
equine viral abortion

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22
Q

what virus is responsible for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV)?

A

bovine herpesvirus I

23
Q

what causes feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) and what is it?

A

herpesvirus felis, feline herpes virus-1
highly contagious disease of upper respiratory tract

24
Q

what does herpesvirus suis (SuHv-1) cause?

A

usually mild in adult swine, can be severe in young piglets
pseudorabies/Aujeszky’s disease in cattle, swine, sheep, dogs, cats, and rats- often fatal in non-swine

25
Q

what is herpesvirus canis associated with?

A

kennel cough
cause of neonatal death in puppies less than 2 weeks

26
Q

what does avian laryngotracheitis cause?

A

upper respiratory infection in chickens: nasal discharge, gasping, dyspnea

27
Q

what is the beta-herpetovirinae important in veterinary medicine?

A

porcine cytomegalovirus

28
Q

what does porcine cytomegalovirus cause?

A

inclusion body rhinitis

29
Q

what is canine adenovirus II associated with?

A

kennel cough

30
Q

what is feline calicivirus associated with?

A

feline respiratory disease: rhinitis, conjunctivitis, palatine and glossal ulcerations and bronchopneumonia

31
Q

what genus belongs to the orthomyxoviridae family?

A

influenzavirus

32
Q

influenza viruses change ______________, to evade previously acquired immunity

A

antigenically
antigenic shift
antigenic drift

33
Q

what is antigenic shift?

A

a new combination of HA or NA proteins arise on the virion surface

34
Q

what is antigenic drift?

A

mutations in the antigenic portions of surface glycoproteins occur

35
Q

what does equine type A influenzavirus do?

A

highly contagious but rarely fatal disease
nasal discharge, cough, dyspnea, fever, depression

36
Q

what does swine type A influenzavirus do?

A

swine influenza
can be caused by Metastrongylus sp- lungworm

37
Q

what do paramyxoviridae cause?

A

frequently multinucleate, syncytial giant cells and eosinophilc intracytplasmic or intranuclear inclusion bodies

38
Q

what genera are in the paramyxoviridae family?

A

morbillivirus
paramyxovirus
pneumovirus

38
Q

what are the important morbilloviruses important in veterinary medicine?

A

canine distemper virus (morbillivirus canis)
measles virus
rinderpest virus

39
Q

what does canine distemper virus/morbillivirus canis cause?

A

severe/fatal disease of dogs, wolves, ferrets, mink, otter, raccoons
penumonia, encephalomyelitis, severe lymphocyte depletion and immunosuppression

40
Q

what are some paramyxoviruses important in veterinary medicine?

A

parainfluenza (paramyxovirus)-1 (sendai virus)
parainfluenza (paramyxovirus)-2
parainfluenza (paramyxovirus)-3
newcastle disease virus

41
Q

what does infectious bronchitis virus do?

A

severe tracheobronchitis of chickens

42
Q

what viruses belong to the family retroviridae?

A

maedi/visna virus
viral induced neoplasia of the lungs

43
Q

what does maedi/visna virus do?

A

ovine progressive pneumonia (maedi) and a neurological disorder known as visna: sheep

44
Q

which viral family is characterized by a high mutation rate during virus division?

A

influenzavirus

45
Q

which viral family is characterized by formation of multinucleated giant cells during division of infected cells?

A

paramyxovirus

46
Q

where specifically can viral particles deposit in the respiratory system?

A

smaller bronchioles: watery protein layer rich in lysozymes and immunoglobulins
alveoli: immediate contact with type I epithelium and macrophages

47
Q

what is pneumonitis?

A

leakage of plasma proteins into interstitial space

48
Q

how can swine get swine type A influenzavirus?

A

infected aerosols or Metastrongylus sp

49
Q

which strain of newcastle disease virus causes a rapidly fatal systemic disease characterized by severe respiratory disease and widespread necrosis of visceral organs and encephalitis?

A

velogenic strain

50
Q

does canine influenzavirus cause kennel cough?

A

no
cough, nasal discharge, +/- pneumonia

51
Q

what virus is equine type A influenzavirus similar to?

A

equine herpesvirus
equine rhinopneumonitis is disease it is similar to

52
Q

what do paramyxoviridae cause?

A

syncytial giant cells
eosinophilic intracytoplasmic or intranuclear inclusion bodies

53
Q

what nonhuman primates does measles virus infect?

A

M. mulatta
M. fascicularis
M. arctoides
marmosets (Saguinus spp)

Respiratory Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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