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Respiratory Pathophysiology > Extrathoracic Airway Disease > Flashcards

Extrathoracic Airway Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is the extrathoracic airway?

A

portion of trachea outside of thoracic cavity
upper airway: rostral to cricothyroid membrane

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2
Q

when the radius of the trachea decreases by half, how much does the resistance increase?

A

by a factor of 16

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3
Q

what are upper airway inspiratory abnormalities?

A

inspiratory obstruction
inspiratory dyspnea
inspiratory stridor

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4
Q

what is a grade 1 obstruction?

A

slight: normal ventilation can be sustained indefinitely

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5
Q

what is a grade 2 obstruction?

A

mild: most patients develop mild hypoxemia and hypercapnea rather than increasing the work of breathing

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6
Q

what is a grade 3 obstruction?

A

severe: patient is unable to maintain alveolar ventilation
increase in PaCO2 and decrease in PaO2

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7
Q

what is a grade 4 obstruction?

A

patient will die without immediate relief

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8
Q

what are the physiological responses to extra-thoracic obstruction?

A

reduce work of breathing
lower tidal volume
higher respiratory rate
accept hypoxemia/hypercapnea

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9
Q

what are some functional abnormalities of the upper airway?

A

sinusitis
nasal aspergillosis
feline upper respiratory disease complex
calicivirus

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10
Q

what is reverse sneezing?

A

aspiration of contents of nasopharynx to oropharynx
contraction of inspiratory muscles with adduction of laryngeal cartilage
sudden opening of glottis produces rapid inhalation

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11
Q

where is atrophic rhinitis most likely to show up?

A

young herds with many gilts
large permanently populated farrowing houses
poor environmental conditions

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12
Q

what are the clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis?

A

unilateral nasal bleeding
deviation of face
growth retardation
tear staining

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13
Q

what are the clinical signs of Pasteurella multocida in a rabbit?

A

sneezing
coughing
nasal discharge
open mouth breathing

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14
Q

what makes up brachycephalic airway syndrome?

A

stenotic nares
overly long soft palate
redundant pharyngeal mucosa

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15
Q

what are some secondary changes to brachycephalic syndrome?

A

everted laryngeal saccules
laryngeal collapse

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16
Q

what are the clinical signs of canine laryngeal paralysis?

A

change in bark
exercise intolerance
collapse
larger dogs
older dogs

17
Q

what causes canine laryngeal paralysis?

A

<25% congenital
neurologic disease
damage to laryngeal cartilages themselves
degeneration of nucleus ambiguous
myasthenia gravis
polymyosities of the abductor muscle

18
Q

what is the upper airway defined as?

A

everything rostral to cricothyroid membrane

19
Q

what are the rigid portions of the upper respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity
trachea

20
Q

what are the collapsible portions of the upper respiratory tract?

A

external nares
nasopharynx
larynx

21
Q

what purpose does the nasal cavity serve?

A

large surface area for heat and water exchange

22
Q

what animal is an obligate nose-breather?

A

horse

23
Q

what does the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch contact?

A

maxillary and carotid arteries

24
Q

what is included in the larynx?

A

arytenoid cartilages
aryepiglottic folds
glottis
epiglottis

25
Q

what signs are associated with dental disease inoculating the maxillary sinus in horses?

A

fetid nasal discharge
difficulties eating
swelling over maxillary sinus

26
Q

what can predispose horses to epiglottic entrapment?

A

abnormally short epiglottis
upper airway inflammation

27
Q

is dorsal displacement of the soft palate a dynamic or fixed collapse of the upper airway?

A

dynamic

28
Q

how many does equine laryngeal paralysis affect?

A

8% of thoroughbred racehorses
50% of horses that stand higher than 17 hands

29
Q

what muscle is of greatest interest in equine laryngeal paralysis?

A

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

30
Q

what does the axonopathy of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve result in in equine laryngeal paralysis?

A

atrophy of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Respiratory Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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