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Respiratory Pathophysiology > Bovine Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Bovine Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what does bovine herpesvirus 1 do?

A

replicates in and destroys airway epithelial cells
latency

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2
Q

what is bovine herpesvirus 1 termed?

A

bovine infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR)

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3
Q

how do viral particles spread cell to cell?

A

directly: avoid neutralizing antibodies in extracellular fluid

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4
Q

what are the immunosuppressive effects of bovine herpesvirus 1?

A

induction of apoptosis in CD4+ T cells
MHC I and MHC II molecule expression down regulated
lysis of ciliated epithelial cells: decreased mucociliary clearance

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5
Q

what are two paramyxoviruses that infect the bovine respiratory tract?

A

bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
parainfluenza-3 (PI-3)

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6
Q

what is the hallmark of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

erosions and ulcers in upper respiratory tract

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7
Q

what is the etiologic agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)?

A

Mycoplasma mycoides var. mycoides small-colony (SC) type

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8
Q

where is contagious bovine pleuropneumonia prominent?

A

Africa
Aisa
sometimes Europe
eradicated from US in 19th century

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9
Q

what is Mannheimia haemolytica?

A

gram negative bacterium associated with acute fulminating pleuropneumonia in cattle

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10
Q

what are the virulence factors of Mannheimia haemolytica?

A

protein adherence to tracheal epithelial cells
endotoxin
secreted enzymes
specific leukotoxin produced during log phase growth

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11
Q

how does the leukotoxin that Mannheimia haemolytica secretes lyse cells (high contentrations)?

A

forms transmembrane pores that allow ion influx and ultimately cell rupture

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12
Q

what organism is most commonly associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (shipping fever pneumonia)?

A

Mannheimia haemolytica

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13
Q

what is Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia characterized by?

A

cranioventral fibrinopurulent pleuropneumonia

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14
Q

what happens in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC/shipping fever) after bacteria enter the deeper lung tissues?

A

cranioventral pneumonia characterized by fibrin exudation, neutrophil and macrophage influx, capillary thrombosis, and coagulation necrosis

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15
Q

what does enzootic calf pneumonia cause?

A

young calves
mild cranioventral pneumonia to extensive fibrinopurulent pneumonia
can result in long-lasting chronic infections and slow growth

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16
Q

what bacterial pathogens are associated with enzootic calf pneumonia?

A

Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
Corynebacterium pyogenes

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17
Q

what is the causative agent of calf diptheria?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum
common soil inhabitant

18
Q

what does Fusobacterium necrophorum do?

A

colonizes pharyngeal tissue: extensive necrosis with inflammation and edema in mouth, pharynx, larynx, and possibly lungs

19
Q

what causes acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema or fog fever (ABPEE)?

A

tryptophan ingested, to 3-methyl indole, metabolized by pulmonary Clara cells enzymes
pulmonary cells injured by final toxin

20
Q

when is acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema or fog fever seen?

A

14 days after moving cattle to grass pasture: dry summer grass to better quality grass
dairy cattle on late spring grass after first cutting of hay

21
Q

what substance other than tryptophan can cause acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema or fog fever?

A

4,ipomeanol: produced by mold

22
Q

what happens in hypersensitivity pneumonitis (bovine farmer’s lung)?

A

cattle develop hypersensitivity pneumonitis to Micropolysporum faeni: common mold that grows in hay

23
Q

what develops in hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

immune complexes of IgG and mold antigen in alveolar spaces
recruitment of neutrophils, phagocytosis, and inflammation

24
Q

what causes verminous pneumonia?

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus
trichostrongylid nematode with a direct life cycle

25
Q

what happens in bovine septic thromboembolism?

A

liver abscesses form after change in diet
emboli from abscesses to lungs and erode through
poor prognosis

26
Q

where can bovine herpesvirus 1 infect in the animal?

A

respiratory
fetus
reproductive tract
conjunctivitis

27
Q

how does bovine herpesvirus 1 induce cell death?

A

necrosis and apoptosis
as cell membrane integrity is lost, calcium influx directly results in lysis and release of viral particles

28
Q

what acts as a receptor for the leukotoxin of M. haemolytica in bovine herpesvirus 1?

A

B2-integrin on bovin alveolar macrophages and neutrophils

29
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with bovine herpesvirus 1?

A

erosions and ulcers in upper respiratory tract
fever, reduced appetite, rapid respiration, dyspnea

30
Q

what does ovine herpesvirus type 2 cause?

A

malignant catarrhal fever
mucopurulent inflammation of the conjunctiva and oral and nasal mucosa
ulcerations of mouth, tongue, esophagus

31
Q

why may bovine viral diarrhea virus contribute to bovine respiratory disease complex?

A

immunosuppressive

32
Q

what does bovine respiratory syncytial virus do?

A

infects respiratory epithelial cells

33
Q

who is Mycoplasma mycoides large-colony type pathogenic for?

A

sheep and goats
not cattle

34
Q

does Mycoplasma mycoides survive well in the environment?

A

no

35
Q

what disease has similar lesions to Mannheimia haemolytica?

A

porcine contagious pleuropneumonia: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

36
Q

what type of lesions are associated with Mannheimia haemolytica?

A

carnioventral fibrinopurulent pleuropnuemonia
hemorrhage/coagulation necrosis to whole lung lobes

37
Q

what has Histophilus somni been associated with?

A

pneumonia
septicemia
myocarditis
abortion
thrombotic meningoencephalomyelitis
synovitis

38
Q

what is characteristic of Histophilus somni infection?

A

formation of thrombi in vessels

39
Q

what does Pasteurella multocida cause?

A

pneumonia associated with stress, transportation, overcrowding, and co-mingling

40
Q

what is bovine respiratory disease complex?

A

pneumonia of variable severity
cranioventral pneumonia: fibrin, neutrophils/macrophages, capillary thrombosis, coagulation necrosis

Respiratory Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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