Bacterial, Mycoplasmal, and Chemical Lung Injury

Question 1

what are the common bacterial pathogens that cause pneumonia in dogs and cats?

Answer 1

Pseudomonas
Kelbsiella

Question 2

what bacteria commonly cause pneumonia in equines?

Answer 2

Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus
E. coli
Rhodococcus equi

Question 3

what bacteria commonly cause pneumonia in bovine?

Answer 3

Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella multocida

Question 4

what bacteria commonly cause pneumonia in small ruminants?

Answer 4

Pasteurella sp

Question 5

what bacteria commonly cause pneumonia in porcine?

Answer 5

Haemophilus parasuis
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Streptococcus suis
Bordatella bronchiseptica

Question 6

what is suppurative pneumonia classified by?

Answer 6

neutrophilic exudates both on the lung surface and within airspaces

Question 7

what is fibrinous pneumonia classified by?

Answer 7

fibrin accumulation, especially in pleural fluid
adhesions often form where fibrin has accumulated

Question 8

what is granulomatous pneumonia characterized by?

Answer 8

nodular with accumulations of macrophages and lymphoid cells

Question 9

what is bronchopneumonia?

Answer 9

pulmonary inflammation centered around terminal airways
aerogenous origin: inhaled and overcame and colonized

Question 10

what is bronchiectasis?

Answer 10

chronic inflammation and destructive changes in the distal airways, causing the airway wall to lose structural support and bulge outward
distal airways might have extensive accumulation of purulent material and tissue debris

Question 11

where is pneumonia most commonly seen in quadrupeds?

Answer 11

cranioventral pneumonia

Question 12

what is lobular or lobar pneumonia?

Answer 12

inflammatory/exudative process that extends throughout the entire lobule or lobe

Question 13

what is interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 13

inflammation of lung stroma, including peribronchial tissue and alveolar septa
alveolar spaces spared

Question 14

what is diffuse pneumonia?

Answer 14

distributed relatively evenly throughout the lungs

Question 15

what disease pattern does miliary pneumonia describe?

Answer 15

many small foci of infection likely from embolic shower of pathogen via vasculature

Question 16

what disease pattern does focal pneumonia describe?

Answer 16

single abnormal area, often abscess or granuloma
airborne or vascular origin

Question 17

what disease pattern does multifocal pneumonia describe?

Answer 17

several lesions, uniform or not
size of each lesion might correlate with its age

Question 18

what disease pattern does a hilar pattern describe?

Answer 18

centered around hilum of the lung
vascular pathogenesis

Question 19

what disease pattern does pleuropneumonia describe?

Answer 19

infection and inflammation that include lung tissue, pleural membranes and pleural space
often pleural effusion

Question 20

what is the principle etiological agent of infectious tracheobronchitis?

Answer 20

Bordatella bronchiseptica

Question 21

what is the host range of Bordatella bronchiseptica?

Answer 21

dogs
pigs
cats
laboratory animals

Question 22

how do Bordatella organisms work?

Answer 22

fimbriae and associated adhesion proteins that mediate epithelial adherence via specific receptors

Question 23

what does Rhodococcus equi cause?

Answer 23

chronic severe pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia in foals

Question 24

how does Rhodococcus equi work?

Answer 24

invades macrophages and prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion and the respiratory burst
intracellular

Question 25

what causes bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC)?

Answer 25

Mannheimia (Pasturella) hemolytica serovar 1

Question 26

how does Mannheimia (Pasturella) hemolytica work?

Answer 26

adheres to airway epithelial cells
reservoir is tonsils, stress brings out
leukotoxin from induces apoptosis in macrophages and neutrophils

Question 27

what does Mannheimia (Pasturella) hemolytica cause after a cow is stressed?

Answer 27

fibrinopurulent pneumonia

Question 28

how do Mycoplasma differ from bacteria?

Answer 28

no cell wall

Question 29

how do Mycoplasma work?

Answer 29

adhere to cilia and do not penetrate the parenchyma

Question 30

what does contact between Mycoplasma and host cells allow?

Answer 30

accumulation of metabolic end products- peroxides and oxygen radicals- that damage host cell membranes

Question 31

what are the pulmonary lesions often associated with Mycoplasma infection?

Answer 31

hyperplasia of bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
bronchiectasis
consolidation of lung tissue

Question 32

true/false: Mycoplasma organisms cause respiratory disease by penetrating airway epithelial cells causing necrosis and sloughing of cells into the airway lumen

Answer 32

false: adheres to cilia and cause chronic low grade airway inflammation

Question 33

what is the hallmark of inhalation injury due to toxins?

Answer 33

centriacinar injury

Question 34

what cells in the airway are capable of metabolism of foreign compounds?

Answer 34

club cells
type II epithelial cells

Question 35

describe the steps of bovine Fog Fever

Answer 35

cattle are moved to a new pasture, ingest grass with large quantities of tryptophan
rumen metabolizes tryptophan to 3-methyl iodole
3-methyl iodole is metabolized by club cells to more toxic compound, causing injury to local epithelial cells
extensive pulmonary edema
type II epithelial hyperplasia to reconstitute epithelial barrier

Question 36

how do mycoplasma evade the immune system?

Answer 36

impair lymphocyte function
suppress cell mediated responses such as phagocytosis

Question 37

what cells are capable of metabolizing foreign compounds?

Answer 37

club cells
type II epithelial cells