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Respiratory Pathophysiology > Equine Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Equine Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are some viruses associated with equine upper respiratory tract disease?

A

herpesvirus
influenza virus
rhinoviruses
equine arteritis virus

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2
Q

what viruses are most clinically significant of those that cause equine upper respiratory tract disease?

A

equine herpes types 1 and 4 (EHV-1, EHV-4)
equine influenza virus

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3
Q

who does respiratory infection by equine herpes virus types 1 and 4 primarily affect?

A

young horses: less than 2 years old

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4
Q

what do equine herpes virus types 1 and 4 cause?

A

typically mild, transient, or subclinical
spreads rapidly in susceptible populations

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5
Q

what do more severe forms of equine herpes virus type 1 and 4 cause?

A

EHV-4: respiratory infections
EHV-1: severe sequelae (abortion, neonatal death, myeloencephalopathy)

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6
Q

what percent of horses have latent herpes viruses?

A

up to 60% of infected horses

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7
Q

how can you confirm infection by herpes viruses?

A

virus isolation
polymerase chain reaction
immunofluorescent detection of viral antigen
serology

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8
Q

what does herpes virus infection in equine/rhinopneumonitis do?

A

cytolytic destruction and cell loss
vigorous inflammatory response with infiltration of mononuclear cells follows
viremic viral spread
infection of vascular endothelial cells may occur

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9
Q

how do horses with equine herpes virus infection/rhinopneumonitis present?

A

rhinitis
pyrexia
submandibular lympathadenopathy
conjunctivitis

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10
Q

what are the complications of equine herpes virus infection/rhinopneumonitis?

A

late term abortion
EHV-1: mortality in infected foals almost 100%
EHV-1: myeloencephalopathy potentially (vasculitis within small vessels of central nervous system): poor prognosis

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11
Q

what is the goal of vaccination for equine herpes viruses?

A

herd preventative
lessen respiratory disease severity and reduce spread
prevent late term abortions and provide suckling foals with passive antibody during first months of life

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12
Q

what causes equine influenza?

A

type A influenza virus: surface hemagglutinin antigens (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) as either H7N7 or H3N3

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13
Q

what does aerosol infection of equine influenza involve?

A

ciliated respiratory epithelium: upper respiratory infection

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14
Q

who do type A influenza viruses infect?

A

birds
swine
horses
humans
other mammals

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15
Q

what viruses serve as the reservoir for all type A influenza virus subtypes?

A

avian viruses in aquatic birds

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16
Q

how do influenza viruses infect?

A

aerosol route
infects ciliated epithelial cells: deciliation and loss of mucociliary protection

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17
Q

what is the incubation period of influenza viruses?

A

1-2 days

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18
Q

what bacteria commonly causes pneumonia in adult equines?

A

Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus
beta-hemolytic strep that is a normal part of equine pharyngeal flora

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19
Q

what are some other bacteria that may be involved in adult equine pneumonia (not Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus)?

A

Pasteurella spp
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella spp
Enterobacter spp
Pseudomonas spp

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20
Q

how do Streptococcus zooepidemicus organisms reach the lower respiratory tract?

A

inhalation
aspiration
hematogenous spread
when normal defense mechanisms are compromised

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21
Q

are mycoplasma known to be primary pathogens in equine respiratory disease?

A

no

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22
Q

what is pleuropneumonia associated with in equines?

A

stressful event: viral disease or extended transportation (elevated environmental temperature and increased aerosolized bacteria)

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23
Q

what organisms are often included in equine pleuropneumonia?

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus
Pasteurella spp
Actinobacillus spp
E. coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
mixed: anaerobic Bacteroides spp and Clostridium spp

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24
Q

is pleural effusion often associated with equine pneumonia?

A

yes: increased permeability of capillaries in visceral pleura

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25
Q

what do horses with equine pleuropneumonia present with?

A

fever
anorexia
weight loss
depression
cough
respiratory distress
possibly limb edema

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26
Q

what is the pathogenesis of equine pleuropneumonia?

A

pleural effusion, starts sterile, then bacterial invasion
fibrin deposits

27
Q

how can progression of sterile pleural effusion to a septic pleuritis be prevented?

A

diligent assessment of pleural effusion via ultrasound and percussion
antimicrobial therapy to prevent bacterial colonization

28
Q

at what age is foal pneumonia common?

A

1-6 months

29
Q

what are the most common bacterial agents in foal pneumonia, and the less common ones?

A

most common: Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Rhodococcus equi
Actinobacillus spp, Bordatella bronchiseptica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pasteurella spp, Pseudomonas spp
anaerobic agents are uncommonly involved

30
Q

what is Rhodococcus equi?

A

gram positive pleomorphic coccobacillus that is facultative intracellular pathogen of equine macrophages

31
Q

how does Rhodococcus equi survive?

A

inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion of alveolar macrophages: survives and replicates inside

32
Q

what signs do foals develop with Rhodococcus equi?

A

fever
elevated respiratory rate
hyperfibrinogenemia
cough
other body systems may be infected: abscesses, enteritis, septic arthritis, polysynovitis

33
Q

what is Strangles?

A

acute contagious disease of horses characterized by inflammation of the upper respiratory tract with abscessation of submandibular lymph nodes

34
Q

how does Streptococcus equi work?

A

enters via mouth or nose and attaches to tonsillar epithelial cells, to subepithelial follicles and then to mandibular and pharyngeal lymph nodes
can spread further

35
Q

how does Streptococcus equi evade killing?

A

antiphagocytic surface factors prevent neutrophil phagocytosis and killing

36
Q

what is purpura hemorrhagica?

A

immune mediated necrotizing vasculitis resulting in subcutaneous edema after streptococcal infection (rare but very serious)

37
Q

what does disease of the paranasal sinuses in horses occur from?

A

extension of rhinitis into the sinuses, by extension of tooth abscesses, and due to neoplasia

38
Q

what is equine progressive ethmoid hematoma?

A

benign slowly enlarging encapsulated hemorrhagic mass in mucosa of equine ethmoid turbinates

39
Q

what are guttural pouches in horses?

A

diverticulum of the auditory canal that communicates with the pharynx via a slit-like opening

40
Q

what causes equine parasitic airway disease?

A

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

41
Q

who does Dictyocaulus arnfieldi infect?

A

horses
donkeys
mules
zebras

42
Q

who is airway inflammation common in?

A

young equine athletes

43
Q

what is recurrent airway obstruction caused by?

A

prolonged and debilitating inflammatory response to inhaled organic dusts

44
Q

what are the clinical signs of recurrent airway infection?

A

elevated respiratory rate and accentuated expiration

45
Q

what viruses may cause pneumonia in foals?

A

adenoviruses

46
Q

what percent of adult horses have been exposed to equine herpes virus 1 or 4?

A

90%

47
Q

fetuses infected with EHV-1 during late gestation _____________________________________

A

may be born alive, but mortality of congenitally infected foals is nearly 100%

48
Q

what are some sequelae of equine influenza?

A

chronic pharyngitis
sinusitis
chronic bronchiolotis
airway hyperreactivity

49
Q

what is pleuropneumonia associated with?

A

stressful event
viral disease
extended transportation

50
Q

what do the organisms involved in equine pleuropneumonia suggest?

A

that aspiration of pharyngeal secretions likely occurs

51
Q

what happens with fibroblasts in pleuropneumonia?

A

invade during organization phase and produce restrictive membrane

52
Q

what is thought to predispose foals to pneumonia?

A

not respiratory viruses
overcrowding
parasitism
poor nutrition
heat stress
congenital immunodeficiency

53
Q

what does Rhodococcus equi cause in foals?

A

chronic pyogranulomatous pneumonia

54
Q

what conditions favor multiplication of Rhodococcus equi?

A

dry, dusty

55
Q

what does survival and replication of Rhodococcus equi in macrophages result in?

A

abscess formation

56
Q

what does Actinobacillus equuli do?

A

septicemia and septic arthritis in foals

57
Q

what does localized inflammation from Streptococcus equi cause?

A

pharyngitis
difficulty swallowing
anorexia
depression

58
Q

what can inspisated pus from strangles cause?

A

chondroids in guttural pouches with bacteria

59
Q

what can result in serious disease with strangles?

A

metastatic absessation in abdominal or thoracic lymph nodes

60
Q

what does immune-mediated necrotizing vasculitis occasionally follow?

A

streptococcal infections
immune complexes involving IgA and IgM and streptococcal antigens implicated

61
Q

why does disease of the paranasal sinuses in horses occur?

A

extension of rhinitis into sinuses
extension of tooth abscesses
neoplasia

62
Q

what is guttural pouch mycosis?

A

mycotic plaques on pouch wall

63
Q

what is the most important respiratory tract evaluation in uncomplicated inflammatory airway disease?

A

transtracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage

64
Q

what suggests an allergic response to mold species in the stable environment in recurrent airway obstruction?

A

elevated levels of IgE in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

Respiratory Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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