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Respiratory Pathophysiology > Inflammatory Lung Injury > Flashcards

Inflammatory Lung Injury Flashcards

1
Q

what is one of the most potent inflammatory responses in the lungs?

A

immediate hypersensitivity reaction

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2
Q

pulmonary endothelial cells and epithelial cells are an important source of ____________________________________________

A

reactive nitrogen species
adhesion molecules
inflammatory mediators

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3
Q

how is histamine formed?

A

decarboxylation of histidine

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4
Q

when is histamine released in mast cells in pulmonary tissue?

A

when an allergen cross-links mast cell-bound IgE via high affinity receptors

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5
Q

what does histamine release lead to?

A

bronchial smooth muscle contraction
increased vascular permeability
mucosal edema
inflammatory cell infiltration
increased mucus in airways
epithelial loss
goblet cell hyperplasia

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6
Q

true/false: histamine sticks around for awhile

A

false: rapidly metabolized

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7
Q

how can histamine effects be prevented?

A

pharmacologic suppression of mast cell degranulation
competitive inhibition of histamine binding to receptors

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8
Q

how can histamine effects be counteracted?

A

bronchodilators
suppression of inflammatory cell recruitment

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9
Q

what does perturbation of inflammatory cell membranes cause?

A

release of arachidonic acid via activation of phospolipase A2

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10
Q

what metabolizes arachidonic acid? what does it make?

A

cyclooxygenase
results in prostaglandin or leukotriene formation

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11
Q

what generates PGF2alpha and what does it lead to?

A

cyclooxygenase metabolism
bronchoconstriction

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12
Q

what are the effects of arachidonic acid metabolites?

A

bronchoconstriction
vasodilation and local edema
increased mucus secretion
recruitment of additional inflammatory cells

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13
Q

how can arachidonic acid metabolism be inhibited?

A

corticosteroids
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories inhibit cyclooxygenase
combination COX-LOX inhibiting drugs

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14
Q

what is platelet activation factor? what releases it?

A

a phospholipid released from membranes of leukocytes, macrophages, mast cells, platelets, and vascular endothelial cells

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15
Q

what does platelet activation factor do?

A

attracts/activates eosinophils, initiates platelet aggregation, and endothelial cell injury with consequent edema

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16
Q

why do phagocytic cells produce oxygen-derived free radicals?

A

they are essential to host phagocyte microbicidal activity

17
Q

what can oxygen-derived free radicals damage?

A

proteins
nucleic acids
membrane lipids
extracellular matrix

18
Q

what are interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1a released in response to?

A

endotoxin
immune complex phagocytosis
immune stimulation
toxins
physical injury

19
Q

what does IL-8 do?

A

potent chemokine
neutrophils and PMN into pulmonary tissue

20
Q

what does vasoactive intestinal peptide do and what releases it?

A

bronchodilator and mucus secretion
nerves and ganglia supplying lungs

21
Q

what do substance P and tachykinins do and what releases them?

A

bronchoconstrictors and mucus secretion
sensory nerves

22
Q

what mediates Type I hypersensitivity?

A

IgE bound to mast cells

23
Q

what type of hypersensitivity mediates hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

type III: immune complex (arthus) reaction

24
Q

what characterizes equine inflammatory airways disease and recurrent airway obstruction?

A

bronchoconstriction
neutrophil infiltration
excessive mucus production
Type I hypersensitivity

25
Q

what mediates bovine hypersensitivity pneumonitis, allergic alveolitis?

A

IgG at level of pulmonary parenchyma
Type III hypersensitivity

26
Q

how is histamine stored?

A

granules complexed with heparin

27
Q

what is released when an allergen cross-links mast cell-bound IgE via high affinity receptors (Fc-epsilon-RI?

A

histamine
heparin
proteases
proteoglycans

Respiratory Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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