Violence in Sport :) Flashcards
aggression
an emotional response (anger) to an individual perceived as an enemy or a frustrating rival; an intent to harm outside the laws of the game
violence
- physical acts committed to harm others
- often occurs in sports such as football, rugby and ice hockey
causes of violence - performers
Win ethic and high rewards for success
Importance/emotional intensity of event - world cup
Nature of the sport is aggressive
National governing bodies too lenient
Excitement/over arousal
Refereeing decisions are poor - leading to fustration
solution coaches employ - performers
- remove player from the pitch
- punish aggressive behaviour - fines, sub bench
- increase peer pressure to act less aggressively
- educate performers/ reinforce with assertive behaviour
- provide positive role models to aspire to
- highlight their responsibility to the team - negative impact of violence
- decrease emphasis on winning
- use stress management techniques
- improve fitness so fatigue doesn’t affect mindset/mood
poor officiating improvements
- have more officials to help reach decisions
- increased use of technology such as TMO
lack of punishment improvements
ngbs/authorities need to apply toucher sanctions including:
- longer bans
- higher fines for players
- deductions of points from clubs
- court actions for serious offences
- possible prison sentences imposed
ngbs possible actions
- supporting decisions of match officials using tech like video replays
- training officials to diffuse high pressure situations
- punishing behaviour missed by official - taking retrospective action
- promote performers with good disciplinary records as positive role models
- imposing punishments for violent actions
- introducing education campaigns
- introduce awards/rewards for fair play - FA respect
implication of violence - performer
- lower attendance at sporting events
- declining participation numbers
- negative/decreased media coverage
- lower sponsorship revenue
- negative role models encouraging poor behaviour
- increased pressure on ngbs to tackle aggressive behaviour
causes of violence - spectators
- emotional intensity and ritual importance of event
- too much alcohol
- pre-match media stirring up tension
- poor policing/stewarding and crowd control (Hillsborough 1989)
- lack of effective deterrents and punishments
- diminished responsibility for individuals - peer pressure/organised gang violence
- poor officiating/frustration with officials
- violence by players on pitch reflecting in the crowd
- religious discord - celtic vs rangers
- violence used as a display of masculinity
- chants and taunts by opposition eliciting violence and anger
football hooliganism
unruly, violent and destructive behaviour by over zealous supporters of association football clubs
strategies to prevent - spectators
- bans/control of alcohol sales
- increased use of police intelligence + liaison between forces
- imposing tough deterrents such as bans, fines and prosecutions
- using cctv to identify and eject individuals
- separate fans and introduce family zones
- encourage responsible media reporting before the match
- kick-off/playing times regulated to earlier times
- pass laws to prevent trespassing to avoid pitch invasions and fights
implications of violence - spectators
- image of the sport declines - participation numbers fall
- spectator attendance falls - decrease in gate receipts
- more stringent security measures - impacts law abiding fans
- more money needs to be spent on security
- image of england declines too - negative influence on relations with other countries and hosting events
- repercussions for commercial/sponsorship deals
