Sociological Theory - Equal Opportunities :) Flashcards
equal opportunities
treating people fairly and giving them the same chance
discrimination
unfair treatment of a person or minority group
acting upon a prejudice
overt discrimination
visible/obvious (verbal racist abuse of a player)
covert discrimination
hidden/less obvious (non-selection of player as a captain due to race)
prejudice
unfavourable opinion of an individual or group based of inadequate facts
stereotype
standardised image/belief shared by society
generalisation about members of a group allowing others to treat them accordingly
general barriers to participation
- lack of time
- negative social influences
- poor pe experiences
- lack of motivation
- lack of skill
- lack of resources
- high cost of participation
- family obligations
ethnicity
equal opportunities to participate doesn’t exist for ethnic groups due to factors such as racism
-50% of bme don’t do sport or physical activity
stacking: ethnic minorities not in leadership roles as stereotypes to have better athletic prowess than leadership
channelling: certain ethnic minorities pushed into stereotypical sports than the one they want to do
racism
set of beliefs or ideas on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics giving them inferiority or superiority over others
stacking
disproportionate concentration of certain ethnic minorities in certain positions; stereotypical assumption that they are more valuable for their physicality than decision-making and communication skills
channelling
ethnic minorities being pushed into certain sports and certain positions based on assumptions/generalisations about them
ethnicity - barriers
- conflict with religion/culture
- higher value placed on education
- fear of racism, abuse or discrimination
- fewer role models to aspire too
- fear of rejection
- channelling + stacking
- stereotyping
- language barriers
ethnicity - solutions
- training more bme people to be coaches
- ensuring same sex sports are available - muslim women
- punish any kind of racist abuse
- ensure pe programmes are inclusive
- organise campaigns (kick it out challenging discrimination)
disability
disabled community has much lower participation levels
-18.5 of disabled people play sport regularly
sometimes integrated and sometimes segregated activities
disability - barriers
- negative self image - lack of self confidence
- low income levels
- high membership costs
- high transport costs
- lack of access such as ramps
- lack of organised programmes
- low levels of media coverage - few role models
- lack of information
- lack of specialist coaches
- lack of adaptable equipment
- safety concerns
- lower societal expectations
disability solutions
- provide more opportunities such as paralympics
- increased investment in disabled sport
- provide transport + improved access
- improved technology
- more specialist coaches trained
- increased media coverage
- promoting role models
- specialist organisations
- educating on stereotypes
- design specialist activities - modifying
gender
women should have the same opportunities as men
only 30.7% of women play sport regularly compared to 40.6% of men
gender - barriers
- stereotypes - women cant be strong or agressive
- far less media coverage
- less attainable role models
- less women in power such as coaches, officials, ngbs
- pressure of women to be thin instead of bigger and strong
- fewer sponsorship opportunities
- negative experience in pe class
- body image issues
- no childcare
- channelling for ‘female sports’
gender - solutions
- introduce laws for no sex discrimination
- encouraging shared domestic responsibilities
- increase sponsorship
- increase media coverage
- provide positive role models
- provide more opportunities for women
- social media to connect women
- improve pe lessons for girls
health benefits
- lower risk of heart disease
- lower risk of stroke
- avoidance of high/low blood pressure
- lower risk of type 2 diabetes
- lower risk of obesity
- strengthens bones
- lower risk of osteoporosis
- improved mental health
- lower risk of some cancers
fitness benefits
- improved posture
- improved body shape
- improved cardiovascular function
- improved muscular strength
- improved muscular endurance
- improved agility
- improved power
- improved balance
- improved co-ordination
- improved speed
- improved reaction time
social benefits
-raised levels of serotonin and endorphins
make people feel better and have better life outlook
-improved sleep patterns
enhances relationships and persons mood
-opportunity to meet new people
make friends
-confidence and self-esteem increases
society
an organised group people associated for some specific purpose or shared common interest
- national pride
- national identity
socialisation
lifelong process whereby members of society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles to take their place in that society
primary socialisation
socialisation during early childhood which happens in immediate family
internalisation of society’s culture happens
families share time together participating in physical activities - frequency helps form the child’s attitude
secondary socialisation
happens in later years where peers, friends and school has more influence
gender socialisation happens ‘boys learn to be boys’
participation in sports help create their social identity
internalisation
the learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself
social processes
forms of social interaction between individuals and groups that continually occur that either preserve or change cultures
-integration, conflict and co-operation
social control
concept that refers to the way which peoples thoughts, feeling, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems
institutions
established organisations founded for religious, educational, professional or social purpose
effect of social control
- women limit their physical activity to less strenuous activities
- women don’t lift heavy for fear of looking unfeminine
- women give up exercise time to look after baby due to guilt
social change
an alteration in the social order of a society
significant changes in social behaviours/culture values over time leading to long term effects
inequality
the unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society
social issues
conflict which affects a considerable number of people in society
- gender
- disability
- drug abuse
- low activity patterns linked to health/obesity problems
causes of social issues
:lack of money/high participation costs
:lack of confidence and self esteem
:lack of role models to aspire to
:myths or stereotypes about certain groups capabilities
social stratification
type of inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic such as wealth or social status
affects opportunities within sports for some people
social class
factors contributing include: job, family background, education and income
social class and schools
children from low income families tend to have
- poorer health
- less confidence in ability
- less money on equipment + extra coaching
state schools often have worse facilities
social class and sports clubs
involvement in extra-curricular activities may be affected by working-class expectations of child such as looking after siblings and housework
social action theory
way of viewing socialisation, emphasising the proactive role of people in shaping social life
interactionist approach
views sport and physical activity as essential to society
sport has an impact on society and society has an impact on sport
people play active role in shaping society
