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A-Level Physical Education > Sociological Theory - Equal Opportunities :) > Flashcards

Sociological Theory - Equal Opportunities :) Flashcards

1
Q

equal opportunities

A

treating people fairly and giving them the same chance

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2
Q

discrimination

A

unfair treatment of a person or minority group

acting upon a prejudice

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3
Q

overt discrimination

A

visible/obvious (verbal racist abuse of a player)

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4
Q

covert discrimination

A

hidden/less obvious (non-selection of player as a captain due to race)

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5
Q

prejudice

A

unfavourable opinion of an individual or group based of inadequate facts

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6
Q

stereotype

A

standardised image/belief shared by society

generalisation about members of a group allowing others to treat them accordingly

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7
Q

general barriers to participation

A
  • lack of time
  • negative social influences
  • poor pe experiences
  • lack of motivation
  • lack of skill
  • lack of resources
  • high cost of participation
  • family obligations
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8
Q

ethnicity

A

equal opportunities to participate doesn’t exist for ethnic groups due to factors such as racism
-50% of bme don’t do sport or physical activity

stacking: ethnic minorities not in leadership roles as stereotypes to have better athletic prowess than leadership
channelling: certain ethnic minorities pushed into stereotypical sports than the one they want to do

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9
Q

racism

A

set of beliefs or ideas on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics giving them inferiority or superiority over others

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10
Q

stacking

A

disproportionate concentration of certain ethnic minorities in certain positions; stereotypical assumption that they are more valuable for their physicality than decision-making and communication skills

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11
Q

channelling

A

ethnic minorities being pushed into certain sports and certain positions based on assumptions/generalisations about them

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12
Q

ethnicity - barriers

A
  • conflict with religion/culture
  • higher value placed on education
  • fear of racism, abuse or discrimination
  • fewer role models to aspire too
  • fear of rejection
  • channelling + stacking
  • stereotyping
  • language barriers
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13
Q

ethnicity - solutions

A
  • training more bme people to be coaches
  • ensuring same sex sports are available - muslim women
  • punish any kind of racist abuse
  • ensure pe programmes are inclusive
  • organise campaigns (kick it out challenging discrimination)
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14
Q

disability

A

disabled community has much lower participation levels
-18.5 of disabled people play sport regularly

sometimes integrated and sometimes segregated activities

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15
Q

disability - barriers

A
  • negative self image - lack of self confidence
  • low income levels
  • high membership costs
  • high transport costs
  • lack of access such as ramps
  • lack of organised programmes
  • low levels of media coverage - few role models
  • lack of information
  • lack of specialist coaches
  • lack of adaptable equipment
  • safety concerns
  • lower societal expectations
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16
Q

disability solutions

A
  • provide more opportunities such as paralympics
  • increased investment in disabled sport
  • provide transport + improved access
  • improved technology
  • more specialist coaches trained
  • increased media coverage
  • promoting role models
  • specialist organisations
  • educating on stereotypes
  • design specialist activities - modifying
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17
Q

gender

A

women should have the same opportunities as men

only 30.7% of women play sport regularly compared to 40.6% of men

18
Q

gender - barriers

A
  • stereotypes - women cant be strong or agressive
  • far less media coverage
  • less attainable role models
  • less women in power such as coaches, officials, ngbs
  • pressure of women to be thin instead of bigger and strong
  • fewer sponsorship opportunities
  • negative experience in pe class
  • body image issues
  • no childcare
  • channelling for ‘female sports’
19
Q

gender - solutions

A
  • introduce laws for no sex discrimination
  • encouraging shared domestic responsibilities
  • increase sponsorship
  • increase media coverage
  • provide positive role models
  • provide more opportunities for women
  • social media to connect women
  • improve pe lessons for girls
20
Q

health benefits

A
  • lower risk of heart disease
  • lower risk of stroke
  • avoidance of high/low blood pressure
  • lower risk of type 2 diabetes
  • lower risk of obesity
  • strengthens bones
  • lower risk of osteoporosis
  • improved mental health
  • lower risk of some cancers
21
Q

fitness benefits

A
  • improved posture
  • improved body shape
  • improved cardiovascular function
  • improved muscular strength
  • improved muscular endurance
  • improved agility
  • improved power
  • improved balance
  • improved co-ordination
  • improved speed
  • improved reaction time
22
Q

social benefits

A

-raised levels of serotonin and endorphins
make people feel better and have better life outlook
-improved sleep patterns
enhances relationships and persons mood
-opportunity to meet new people
make friends
-confidence and self-esteem increases

23
Q

society

A

an organised group people associated for some specific purpose or shared common interest

  • national pride
  • national identity
24
Q

socialisation

A

lifelong process whereby members of society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles to take their place in that society

25
Q

primary socialisation

A

socialisation during early childhood which happens in immediate family

internalisation of society’s culture happens

families share time together participating in physical activities - frequency helps form the child’s attitude

26
Q

secondary socialisation

A

happens in later years where peers, friends and school has more influence

gender socialisation happens ‘boys learn to be boys’

participation in sports help create their social identity

27
Q

internalisation

A

the learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself

28
Q

social processes

A

forms of social interaction between individuals and groups that continually occur that either preserve or change cultures
-integration, conflict and co-operation

29
Q

social control

A

concept that refers to the way which peoples thoughts, feeling, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems

30
Q

institutions

A

established organisations founded for religious, educational, professional or social purpose

31
Q

effect of social control

A
  • women limit their physical activity to less strenuous activities
  • women don’t lift heavy for fear of looking unfeminine
  • women give up exercise time to look after baby due to guilt
32
Q

social change

A

an alteration in the social order of a society

significant changes in social behaviours/culture values over time leading to long term effects

33
Q

inequality

A

the unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society

34
Q

social issues

A

conflict which affects a considerable number of people in society

  • gender
  • disability
  • drug abuse
  • low activity patterns linked to health/obesity problems
35
Q

causes of social issues

A

:lack of money/high participation costs
:lack of confidence and self esteem
:lack of role models to aspire to
:myths or stereotypes about certain groups capabilities

36
Q

social stratification

A

type of inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic such as wealth or social status

affects opportunities within sports for some people

37
Q

social class

A

factors contributing include: job, family background, education and income

38
Q

social class and schools

A

children from low income families tend to have

  • poorer health
  • less confidence in ability
  • less money on equipment + extra coaching

state schools often have worse facilities

39
Q

social class and sports clubs

A

involvement in extra-curricular activities may be affected by working-class expectations of child such as looking after siblings and housework

40
Q

social action theory

A

way of viewing socialisation, emphasising the proactive role of people in shaping social life

41
Q

interactionist approach

A

views sport and physical activity as essential to society

sport has an impact on society and society has an impact on sport

people play active role in shaping society

A-Level Physical Education (30 decks)

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