Information processing :) Flashcards
how to develop schemas
- practice variable skills to built range of experiences
- practiced skills should be transferrable to game
- give constant feedback to help improve
- praise and positive reinforcement
stages of information processing
- input : vision, hearing, touch, balance and kinaethesis gather clues from environ
- decision making : memory system is engaged and previous experiences used
- output : skill is produced
- feedback : p receives information about skill e.g outcome
whiting’s information-processing model
whiting’s model - environment
environment contains all the information needed to perform the skill
whiting’s model - display
information available to the performer
some relevant and some irrelevant
whiting’s model - receptor systems
vision hearing proprioception - position of body -touch -kinaesthesis -equilibrium (balance)
whiting’s model - perceptual mechanisms
judgement made on incoming info uses dcr (detection, comparison, recognition)
selective attention occurs
selective attention
only relevant information is focused on and irrelevant information in filtered out. important as it:
aids concentration improves reaction time filters out distractions controls arousal levels reduces chance of information overload in stm
whiting’s model - translatory mechanisms
using information from perceptual mechanisms, a decision is made with the help of previously stored experiences
correct response selected as a motor programme
whiting’s model - effector mechanisms
impulses are sent to relevant working muscles to carry out movement
whiting’s model - muscular system
muscles that receive the impulses and are ready to jump and catch
whiting’s model - output data
movement/action is performed
whiting’s model - feedback data
information about the movement is received
could be intrinsic or extrinsic feedback
working memory model
phonological loop- deals with auditory information and is a temporary storage system. creates a trace sent to ltm to trigger motor programme (reciting tramp routine out loud so you don’t forget)
visuospatial sketchpad- holds visual and spatial info temporarily
(images of set plays) (kinaethesis of how the movements feel)
episodic buffer - stores chunks and allows parts of wmm to communicate
and gathers information to send to ltm
gathers perceptual info (flight of ball, sound of man on call, how limbs and muscles feel during in)
characteristics of wmm + ltm
- receives relevant information after selective attention
- limited capacity og 7 +- 2 for 30 secs
- when skill is practiced it can be move to ltm
- wmm produces memory trace of current skill to be stored in ltm
- ltm sends motor programme to wmm for current sporting situation
- ltm has unlimited capacity and unlimited timeline
ensuring effective storage
chunking: small groups of information together to increase wmm capacity
mental rehearsal: visualising skills helps to remember what is needed
reinforcement: positive feedback or reinforcement leads to better remembering
enjoyable: new or distinctive ways of presenting info increases remembering
practice/rehearsal: repetition overlearns the skill - moves to ltm
linking with past experiences: association with previously learnt skills
chaining: information presented in an organised manner
meaningful: relate info to performer and help them see the relevance
reaction time
the time taken from the onset of the stimulus to the onset of the response
simple reaction time
one stimulus and one response meaning reaction time will be short
choice reaction time
several stimuli and several possible responses means reaction time will be slower
movement time
the time from the onset of movement to completion of task
response time
reaction time + movement time
time taken from onset of stimulus to completion of task
hick’s law
impact of choice reaction time on performance
~as number of choices increases, time taken to react increases too~
improving reaction time
- practice
- selective attention
- mental rehearsal: muscles involved will be stimulated
- experience: gives insight and awareness of stimuli
- improve fitness levels
- warm up: can respond quicker if body is warmed up
- optimum arousal
- detect cues early: analyse opponent for cues using body positions and calls
- anticipation: predicting a movement before it happens to be ahead of reaction
anticipation
temporal> predicting when the action will be performed (centre assumes the wa will run into centre 3rd when whistle is blown
spatial> predicting what action is going to be performed and where (see rugby
player adjust their grip on the ball and predict they will kick over heads)
if p anticipates correctly their response time will be quick and will have more time to perform the skill
if p anticipates incorrectly response time will increase and psychological refractory period may occur
single channel hypothesis
whilst many stimuli can be detected at once, only 1 can be processed at one time
further stimuli has to wait as bottle neck occurs
if in the middle of processing one, the second must wait for the first to be sorted
psychological refractory period
when two or more stimuli arrive in quick succession, it causes a delay in processing and leads the p to freeze whilst clarifying and processing the correct stimulus
-delay in processing causes and increase in reaction time-
can be used on opponent to benefit player (rugby player making a dummy pass gives them time to get away whilst opponent has prp and processes both stimuli`
schmidt’s schema theory
considerations for each move is different so performer’s experiences draw information together using 4 memory items
recall schema- stores info and initiates the movement
- initial conditions: gathers information about if similar situation has happened before, environ info collected
- response specifications: based on initial conditions, decision is made on what movement to perform
recognition schema- control and evaluate movement
- sensory consequences: gathers information about movement using intrinsic feedback- kinaethesis
- response outcome: gathers information concerning result of movement- successful or unsuccessful?
schema
generalised motor programme that allows performer to adapt skills and transfer experiences to different skills
