Information processing :)

Question 1

how to develop schemas

Answer 1

• practice variable skills to built range of experiences
• practiced skills should be transferrable to game
• give constant feedback to help improve
• praise and positive reinforcement

Question 2

stages of information processing

Answer 2

1. input : vision, hearing, touch, balance and kinaethesis gather clues from environ
2. decision making : memory system is engaged and previous experiences used
3. output : skill is produced
4. feedback : p receives information about skill e.g outcome

Question 3

whiting’s information-processing model

Answer 3

Question 4

whiting’s model - environment

Answer 4

environment contains all the information needed to perform the skill

Question 5

whiting’s model - display

Answer 5

information available to the performer

some relevant and some irrelevant

Question 6

whiting’s model - receptor systems

Answer 6

vision
hearing
proprioception - position of body
-touch
-kinaesthesis
-equilibrium (balance)

Question 7

whiting’s model - perceptual mechanisms

Answer 7

judgement made on incoming info 
uses dcr (detection, comparison, recognition)

selective attention occurs

Question 8

selective attention

Answer 8

only relevant information is focused on and irrelevant information in filtered out. important as it:

aids concentration
improves reaction time
filters out distractions
controls arousal levels
reduces chance of information overload in stm

Question 9

whiting’s model - translatory mechanisms

Answer 9

using information from perceptual mechanisms, a decision is made with the help of previously stored experiences

correct response selected as a motor programme

Question 10

whiting’s model - effector mechanisms

Answer 10

impulses are sent to relevant working muscles to carry out movement

Question 11

whiting’s model - muscular system

Answer 11

muscles that receive the impulses and are ready to jump and catch

Question 12

whiting’s model - output data

Answer 12

movement/action is performed

Question 13

whiting’s model - feedback data

Answer 13

information about the movement is received

could be intrinsic or extrinsic feedback

Question 14

working memory model

Answer 14

phonological loop- deals with auditory information and is a temporary storage system. creates a trace sent to ltm to trigger motor programme (reciting tramp routine out loud so you don’t forget)

visuospatial sketchpad- holds visual and spatial info temporarily
(images of set plays) (kinaethesis of how the movements feel)

episodic buffer - stores chunks and allows parts of wmm to communicate
and gathers information to send to ltm
gathers perceptual info (flight of ball, sound of man on call, how limbs and muscles feel during in)

Question 15

characteristics of wmm + ltm

Answer 15

• receives relevant information after selective attention
• limited capacity og 7 +- 2 for 30 secs
• when skill is practiced it can be move to ltm
• wmm produces memory trace of current skill to be stored in ltm
• ltm sends motor programme to wmm for current sporting situation
• ltm has unlimited capacity and unlimited timeline

Question 16

ensuring effective storage

Answer 16

chunking: small groups of information together to increase wmm capacity
mental rehearsal: visualising skills helps to remember what is needed
reinforcement: positive feedback or reinforcement leads to better remembering
enjoyable: new or distinctive ways of presenting info increases remembering
practice/rehearsal: repetition overlearns the skill - moves to ltm
linking with past experiences: association with previously learnt skills
chaining: information presented in an organised manner
meaningful: relate info to performer and help them see the relevance

Question 17

reaction time

Answer 17

the time taken from the onset of the stimulus to the onset of the response

Question 18

simple reaction time

Answer 18

one stimulus and one response meaning reaction time will be short

Question 19

choice reaction time

Answer 19

several stimuli and several possible responses means reaction time will be slower

Question 20

movement time

Answer 20

the time from the onset of movement to completion of task

Question 21

response time

Answer 21

reaction time + movement time

time taken from onset of stimulus to completion of task

Question 22

hick’s law

Answer 22

impact of choice reaction time on performance

~as number of choices increases, time taken to react increases too~

Question 23

improving reaction time

Answer 23

• practice
• selective attention
• mental rehearsal: muscles involved will be stimulated
• experience: gives insight and awareness of stimuli
• improve fitness levels
• warm up: can respond quicker if body is warmed up
• optimum arousal
• detect cues early: analyse opponent for cues using body positions and calls
• anticipation: predicting a movement before it happens to be ahead of reaction

Question 24

anticipation

Answer 24

temporal> predicting when the action will be performed (centre assumes the wa will run into centre 3rd when whistle is blown

spatial> predicting what action is going to be performed and where (see rugby
player adjust their grip on the ball and predict they will kick over heads)

if p anticipates correctly their response time will be quick and will have more time to perform the skill
if p anticipates incorrectly response time will increase and psychological refractory period may occur

Question 25

single channel hypothesis

Answer 25

whilst many stimuli can be detected at once, only 1 can be processed at one time
further stimuli has to wait as bottle neck occurs

if in the middle of processing one, the second must wait for the first to be sorted

Question 26

psychological refractory period

Answer 26

when two or more stimuli arrive in quick succession, it causes a delay in processing and leads the p to freeze whilst clarifying and processing the correct stimulus
-delay in processing causes and increase in reaction time-

can be used on opponent to benefit player (rugby player making a dummy pass gives them time to get away whilst opponent has prp and processes both stimuli`

Question 27

schmidt’s schema theory

Answer 27

considerations for each move is different so performer’s experiences draw information together using 4 memory items

recall schema- stores info and initiates the movement

1. initial conditions: gathers information about if similar situation has happened before, environ info collected
2. response specifications: based on initial conditions, decision is made on what movement to perform

recognition schema- control and evaluate movement

3. sensory consequences: gathers information about movement using intrinsic feedback- kinaethesis
4. response outcome: gathers information concerning result of movement- successful or unsuccessful?

Question 28

schema

Answer 28

generalised motor programme that allows performer to adapt skills and transfer experiences to different skills