Respiratory System :)

Question 1

lung volumes - spirometer

Answer 1

Question 2

tidal volume

Answer 2

the volume of air inspired or expired per breath

+ during exercise

Question 3

minute ventilation

Answer 3

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute

tidal volume x number of breaths per min =

big + during exercise

Question 4

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 4

the volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

• during exercise

Question 5

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 5

the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

• during exercise

Question 6

residual volume

Answer 6

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

= during exercise

Question 7

gaseous exchange

Answer 7

• getting oxygen from the air into the lungs so it can diffuse into the blood and be carried around the body
• removal of carbon dioxide from the blood so it can be breathed out and diffused into the air via the lungs

Question 8

diffusion

Answer 8

the movement of gas molecules from and area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure

Question 9

partial pressure

Answer 9

pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases
-oxygen only makes up 215 of air

Question 10

characteristics of alveoli

Answer 10

responsible for gaseous exchange between lungs and blood via diffusion

• one cell thick walls- shorter diffusion pathway
• extensive capillary network - good blood supply
• large surface area- allows for greater oxygen uptake

Question 11

gaseous exchange at alveoli

Answer 11

• partial pressure of oxygen (100mmHg) in alveoli is higher than partial pressure of oxygen in capillary (40mmHg) as working muscles take oxygen
• carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction as the partial pressure of co2 in the blood (46mmHg) is higher than in the alveoli (40mmHg)

Question 12

concentration/pressure gradient

Answer 12

the bigger the gradient- the faster the rate of diffusion

gases will continue to diffuse until the pressure/concentration is equal in both

Question 13

gaseous exchange in muscles

Answer 13

-capillary membranes surrounding muscles have a lower partial pressure of oxygen (5mmHg) than in the blood (100mmHg), oxygen diffuses into muscles

Question 14

gaseous exchange in muscles

Answer 14

• capillary membranes surrounding muscles have a lower partial pressure of oxygen (5mmHg) than in the blood (100mmHg), oxygen diffuses into muscles
• partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood (40mmHg) is lower then at the tissues (46mmHg) so diffusion occurs the other way to the blood

Question 15

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 15

breathing- controlled automatically by parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

sympathetic nervous system: prepares body for exercise so increases breathing rate
parasympathetic nervous system: relaxes after exercise and reduces breathing rate

Question 16

respiratory centre

Answer 16

located in medulla oblongata with two main areas:

inspiratory centre responsible for inspiration and expiration
- sends out nerve impulses via phrenic nerve to inspiratory muscles (diaphragm + external intercostals)

expiratory centre stimulates expiratory muscles during exercise
- sends out signal via intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles (abdominals and internal intercostals)

Question 17

chemoreceptors

Answer 17

detects increase in concentration of co2 so stimulates respiratory centre to increase breathing rate/ventilation

Question 18

proprioceptors

Answer 18

detect increase in muscle movement and sends signal to respiratory centre to increase breathing rate

Question 19

baroreceptors

Answer 19

detect decrease in blood pressure due to exercise so send signals to increase breathing rate

Question 20

adrenaline

Answer 20

hormone that increases breathing rate in preparation for exercise

Question 21

impact of poor lifestyle choices

Answer 21

smoking causes:

• carbon monoxide to combine with haemoglobin which reduces oxygen carrying capacity and causes breathlessness
• irritation of trachea and bronchi
• reduced lung function + swelling and narrowing of airways
• damage to cell lining leading to build up of excess mucus - cough
• reduction in efficiency of gaseous exchange leading to increased risk of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)