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A-Level Physical Education > Motion :) > Flashcards

Motion :) Flashcards

1
Q

horizontal displacement

A

shortest distance from the starting point to the finishing point - the way the crow flies

three factors affecting it:

  • angle of release
  • speed of release
  • height of release
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2
Q

angle of release

A

optimum angle dependent upon release and landing height

release + landing height EQUAL- 45 degrees
release height BELOW landing- greater than 45 degrees
release height ABOVE landing- less than 45 degrees

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3
Q

speed of release

A

greater the speed/velocity the greater the horizontal displacement

speed of shift (force) also affects horizontal displacement, like a shotput using speed and power from spin before to go further

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4
Q

height of release

A

a greater release height results in increased horizontal displacement

gravity constantly working to pull it down so the higher it starts off the longer it will take to reach the ground

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5
Q

true parabola

A

uniform curve that is symmetrical at its highest point

projectiles with large weight force (shotput) have SMALL air resistance and will follow a true parabolic flight

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6
Q

distorted parabola

A

non uniform curve - squished at the end

projectiles with lighter mass (shuttlecock) will increase in air resistance working against it halting the flight leading to a non-parabolic flight

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7
Q

vertical component

A

upward motion of an object - affected by gravity

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8
Q

horizontal component

A

horizontal motion of an object - remains constant

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9
Q

drag force

A

acts opposite to the direction of motion and negatively effects velocity

produced from air resistance and friction

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10
Q

surface drag

A

friction between the surface of an object and the fluid environment

-swimmers shave or wear tight smooth clothing to reduce surface drag

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11
Q

form drag/shape drag

A

impact of the fluid environment on the object

streamlining is key

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12
Q

streamlining

A

involves shaping body so it can move quickly and effectively through a fluid
reducing the frontal cross-sectional surface area also makes them more streamlined

-swimmers create thinnest and straightest shape to move quicker

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13
Q

slipstreaming

A

large form drag offers less turbulent air in pocket behind the first object

-wind hits first cyclist and goes round the sides so second cyclist can save 30% energy by going 15-30 cm behind

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14
Q

factors increasing and reducing drag

A
  1. velocity of moving object: the greater the velocity, the greater the drag force
    - faster sports like sprinting, race car driving need to reduce drag more
  2. cross-sectional area: larger c-s area increases drag
    - cyclists and skiers crouch down to reduce area and drag
  3. shape and surface characteristics: streamlined, aerodynamic shape key
    - drag resistant clothes may help. skiers helmet goes to shoulders
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15
Q

bernoulli’s principle

A

where air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel and more pressure when they travel slower

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16
Q

lift force

A

causes the body to move perpendicular to the direction of travel

allows object to stay in the air longer which increases horizontal distance

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17
Q

angle of attack

A

the tilt of the projectile relative to the air flow

if too great, then too much drag will result
-ideal is between 25 and 40 degrees

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18
Q

producing lift force on a discus

A

angle of attack changes the flow of air around the discus

  • air above the discuss has to travel further than air below
  • air above travels at a faster speed
  • meaning air above has a lower pressure than air below
  • lower pressure above creates upward lift force allowing discus in the air longer
  • increased horizontal displacement
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19
Q

producing greater frictional force - F1

A

formula 1 car has a spoiler angled to direct the lift force downward

  • air traveling over the top has a shorter distance as the spoiler creates a longer distance underneath the car
  • air above the car travels at a slower velocity and higher pressure
  • creates a downwards lift force and greater frictional force
  • tyres maintain firm grip when traveling round the corners fast
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20
Q

scalar quantity

A

measurements described only in size/magnitude:

-mass, distance, speed-

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21
Q

vector quantity

A

measurements described in terms of size and direction

-weight, acceleration, displacement, velocity and momentum

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22
Q

mass

A

quality of matter a body possesses (kg)

23
Q

distance

A

path a body takes as it moves from the starting to finishing point (m)

24
Q

speed

A

rate at which a body moves per unit of time (m/s)

speed = distance ÷ time

25
Q

weight

A

gravitational force exerted on an object (N)

weight = mass x gravitational field strength

26
Q

displacement

A

shortest route in a straight line from point a to b (m)

27
Q

velocity

A

rate of change of displacement (m/s)

velocity = displacement ÷ time taken

28
Q

acceleration

A

rate of change of velocity (m/s2)

acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time

29
Q

momentum

A

product of the mass and velocity of an object (kgm/s)

momentum = mass x velocity

30
Q
A

constant speed

-middle of long distance run-

31
Q
A

performer is stationary

-netball player taking a shot-

32
Q
A

accelerating is occurring

-first 20m of 100m sprint-

33
Q
A

deceleration is occurring

-once performer has crossed the finish line-

34
Q

forces acting upon during linear motion

A

internal force: skeletal muscles contracting

external force: outside the body such as gravity, air resistance + weight

35
Q

weight

A

weight is a gravitational force that the earth exerts on the body
-vertical force downwards towards core of the earth-
greater the mass the greater the weight force

36
Q

friction

A

friction occurs when two or more bodies are in contact with one another - static and sliding

affected by:

  • surface characteristics of objects - running spikes
  • temperature of surfaces - ice being swept in curling
  • mass of the objects - larger mass = greater friction
37
Q

air resistance

A

opposes the motion of a body and depends on:

  • velocity - faster velocity = increased air resistance
  • cross sectional area - larger cs area = increases air resistance
  • shape and surface - streamlined shape = decreased air resistance
38
Q

horizontal forces

A

air resistance

friction

39
Q

vertical forces

A

weight/gravity

40
Q

impulse

A

time it takes a force to be applied to an object

force x time

done by increasing amount of:

  • muscular force applied
  • time in which force is applied
41
Q

torque

A

a rotational force

42
Q

angular motion

A

movement around a fixed point or axis

occurs when a force is applied outside the centre of mass

43
Q

eccentric force

A

force applied off-centre to create angular motion

44
Q

newtons first law - angular m

A

a rotating body will continue in its state of angular motion unless an external force is exerted upon it

45
Q

newtons second law - angular m

A

rate of change of angular motion is proportional to the force (torque) causing it

46
Q

newtons third law - angular m

A

when a force (torque) is applied by one body, the second body will exert an equal and opposite force on the other body

47
Q

angular displacement

A

the smallest change in angle between the starting and finishing points

48
Q

angular veloicty

A

the rotational speed of an object and the axis it is rotating on

49
Q

angular acceleration

A

the rate of change of angular velocity over time

50
Q

moment of inertia

A

resistance of a body to angular motion (rotation)

depends on the mass and its distribution of mass around the axis

51
Q

angular motion and inertia relationship

A

inversely proportional

if one increases the other decreases

52
Q

decreasing moment of inertia

A

decrease the distance of the distribution of mass from the axis of rotation e.g. tucked somersault

53
Q

producing greater frictional force - cyclist

A
  • low streamlined body position over handle bars
  • distance over the top is shorter than below bicycle
  • air on top of cyclist travels at a slower speed
  • creates higher pressure and a downward lift force
  • allows tyres to maintain a firm grip on track
54
Q

producing greater frictional force - skier

A

speed skiers must stay in contact with ice for faster speeds

  • more downward lift means more force
  • melts ice for a better friction free surface

A-Level Physical Education (30 decks)

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