Sports Psychology Flashcards
*attitudes
what an individual believes, how they feel and act towards an attitude object
aren’t permanent but can be hard to change
attitude formation - past experiences
winning matches or titles is enjoyable to leads to a positive attitude - high perception of ability which increases confidence
loosing or getting injured can lead to negative ability - lower self confidence and poor perception of their abilities. they may develop learned helplessness
attitude formation - socialisation
an individual wanting to fit in with their peers surrounding them
if its the norm for family and friends to participate in sports then you often conform and join in
attitude formation - social learning
imitating the actions of close ones such as peers and teachers
-reinforcement and praise have particularly strong effect
attitude formation - media
high - profile role models showing positive attitudes will often rub onto us as we look up to them
*triadic model - cab
attitude is made up of three components:
1 cognitive - beliefs/thoughts
2 affective - emotions/feelings
3 behavioural - actions/responses
beliefs don’t always correspond with behaviour due to circumstances
changing attitudes
- ensuring positive experiences happen
- praise positive attitudes/behaviours
- punish negative attitudes/behaviours
- highlight positive role models
persuasive communication
involves significant other or expert encourage change
-need clear message about why you should adapt your mindset
cognitive dissonance
creating dissonance by creating unease in performer
- changing a negative attitude component into positive causing individual to challenge their whole attitude and change it
weiner’s model
internal external
stable ability task difficulty
unstable effort luck
locus of causality
internal - outcome was within the performers control ability or effort
external - outcome under control of environment task difficulty or luck
stability dimension
stable - reason for outcome is relatively permanent ability or task difficulty
unstable - changeable either for mins or even weeks luck or effort
*learned helplessness
performers attribute their failures internally to stable reason and fail to attribute successes internally
usually occurs when performer has low self confidence due to past failures
similar characteristics to naf performers
*strategies to avoid learned helplessness
- setting realistic achievable goals
- raise self-efficacy using banduras model
- highlight previous successful performers
- positive reinforcement and encouragement
*attribution retraining
process of changing performers negative attributions to positive ones
perception of why they failed is altered from being internally-stable to:
- controllable factors (can be changed to create success)
- external factors (not their doing)
- internal factors (can be adapted by them to become better)
success attributed internally to ability
*self-efficacy
the amount of confidence you have in a specific task, sport or situation
-directly linked to past experiences
*bandura’s model of self-efficacy
four factors influence level of self-efficacy - coach use to raise levels
1 performance accomplishments (remind of pervious successes)
2 vicarious experiences (show performer with similar characteristics doing skill)
3 verbal persuasion (praise and positive reinforcement should be used)
4 emotional arousal (show how to control arousal levels-cognitive or somatic)
*fieldler’s contingency model
an interactionist approach where the leader adapts their style to situation
*fieldler’s two leadership styles
task orientated leader: concerned with achieving goals with pragmatic approach;
direct and authoritarian; used in most and least favourable situations
-cognitive performers-large groups-limited time-dangerous-males-
person orientated leader: focuses on developing harmony and good relationships; open to suggestions in more democratic approach; used moderately favourable situations
-advanced performers-smaller groups-long time frame-females-
*fieldler’s different situations
most favourable situ - leader in strong position of authority and has respect. members have good relationships and task is clear
moderately favourable situ - leader has some power and respect, some good relationships and parts of the task is clear.
least favourable situ - no power or respect for the leader leading to hospitality. could be fighting within group members and the task is unclear.
*chelladurai’s model of leadership
to ensure group satisfaction and high performance levels leaders must adapt by considering three factors
once considered the leader must try to balance their style of leadership with them to gain the highest performance and group satisfaction levels
the more the leaders actual behaviour matches (congruence) what the group wants and the situation needs - the better the performance will be
self serving bias
vealey’s model of confidence
undertake task with certain levels of trait and state confidence as well as competiveness orientation
produces responce (attempting skill) and considers outcome. if they consider it a positive result: -level of SC-trait increases
- level of SC-state increases
- approch behaviuor more likely
- increase competitiveness orientation
characteristics of a leader
- effective communicator
- charasmatic
- empathetic
- knowledge
- confident
- flexible
prescribed leader
chosen from outside the group
able to bring new ideas to the group however could cause disagreements if opposition to the new leader
emergent leader
selected from within existing group
high levek of respect for this player but have had the same experiences so may not have new strategies
trait perspective - eysenck
performer is born with their personality - genetically determined
personality is stable and enduring so behaviour can be predicted
social learning perspective - bandura
personality is learned through our experiences and changes according to the situation
we observe and copy behaviours of significant others (role models, parents…)
- if their behaviour is successful or praised by coach it is more likely to be imitated
interactionist perspective - lewin
personality is made up of traits and the influence of environmental experiences
-accepts both trait and social learning approaches-
lewin suggested personality is produced when their natural predispositions and their experiences combine in a specific situation
interactionist perspective - hollander
3 aspects to a personality:
- the core - the real you and your true beliefs and values which stays constant
- typical responses - how an individual usually responds
- role-related behaviour - how they respond in a specific environment which may be uncharacteristic
using personality knowledge to improve performance
if a coach understands a players innate personality they can use this to help
- they may substitute them if they recognise its going to get violent/aggressive
- they may offer cognitive/somatic strategies to reduce stress and then they can utilise these and not do their instinctive response
arousal
the level of somatic or cognitive stimulation that gets you ready to perform
being aroused to the correct level is key in sport
drive theory
as arousal increases so does performance (linear)
at high arousal the performer reverts to their dominant response
- in autonomous phase their dr is correct so performance is high
- in cognitive phase their dr is likely wrong so performance is low
doesn’t account for elite performers who deteriorate under pressure
inverted U theory
as arousal increases so does performance up to optimum point at moderate arousal. after this performance decreases due to over arousal
optimum arousal level differs depending on:
experience
personality
type of skill
accounts for experiences, personality and skill impacting success
doesn’t account for elite performers dramatic decreases
optimum performance at lower arousal
happens in situations involving:
- novice/cognitive performers
- introverts with high resting level of adrenaline
- fine skills requiring precision and control
- complex skills needing several decisions
optimum performance at high levels
happens in situations involving:
- advanced/autonomous performers
- extroverts with low restring adrenaline levels looking for adventure
- gross skills
- simple skills with few decisions to be made
catastrophe theory
as arousal increases so does performance quality up to an optimum point at moderate arousal. then a dramatic decrease in performance as a result of high somatic and high cognitive anxiety
effects can be reversed by using relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation
explains catastrophes in elite performers
hanin’s zone of optimal functioning
optimum performance is reached during a band or zone
zone is a mental state rarely experienced and include:
- performing at optimum arousal levels
- feeling completely calm
- complete attentional control - concentrated on the task
- performing on autopilot
- feeling completely confident that success is inevitable
- performing smoothly, efficiently and effortlessly
peak flow experience
it is the ultimate positive psychological state for a performer
