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WSET3 > Vineyard Management > Flashcards

Vineyard Management Flashcards

1
Q

What are the broad considerations when selecting a vineyard site

A

Environmental Conditions, Business Considerations & Grape variety

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2
Q

What are the environmental considerations when choosing a vineyard site. Once these are known what decisions might they influence

A

Average temperature, rainfall, sunlight hours, fertility of soil and how well it drains. These influence choice of grape varietal, planting density and systems of training and trellising

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3
Q

What are the business considerations when choosing a vineyard site

A

Proximity to utilities ( water, power etc ), availability of a vineyard workforce, accessibility to machinery and the cost of the land

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4
Q

In a region where vine irrigation is prohibited when might this actually be allowed

A

When a vineyard is newly planted

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5
Q

How are newly planted vines protected from animals

A

Individual plastic sleeves

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6
Q

When are most vines replaced. What does the grower typically do with the land when the old vines are dug up

A

Between 30 to 50 years. The land will be left fallow for 3 years

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7
Q

What are the main techniques used to manage the vines

A

Training, Pruning, Trellising and Planting Density

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8
Q

A grower will decide on a trellising method based on what factors

A

The vineyards resources - sunlight, rainfall, soil nutrients, water and also the use of machinery in the vineyard.

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9
Q

What is the growers overriding objective in managing the vineyard

A

To maximize the production of fruit at the desired quality level as economically as possible

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10
Q

What is vine training and what are two different types

A

Head and Cordon training

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11
Q

What characterizes Head training. How is it pruned

A

Very little permanent wood, perhaps just a trunk. Can be spur pruned or replacement cane pruned

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12
Q

What characterizes Cordon training. How is it pruned

A

One or two thick arms of permanent wood on top of the trunk. Usually spur pruned

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13
Q

What is pruning and when does it occur

A

Removal of unwanted leaves, canes and permanent wood. Occurs every winter and summer

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14
Q

What is spur pruning

A

Short sections of one year old wood cut down to only 2 or 3 buds. The spurs can be distributed along a cordon or grouped around the top of the trunk ( head trained )

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15
Q

What is replacement cane pruning

A

Longer sections of one year wood each having 8 to 20 buds. Typically all but 2 of the canes are replaced then they are tied horizontally along a trellis

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16
Q

True or False. Replacement cane pruning is most often seen on Cordon trained vines

A

False. It is usually seen on head trained

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17
Q

What are the names given to the 2 types training associated with replacement cane pruning

A

Single Guyot and Double Guyot

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18
Q

Why is the vine pruned again in the summer

A

To remove unnecessary vegetation and maximize glucose available for ripening. Also to maximize exposure to sunlight if that is required

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19
Q

What type of training, trellising and pruning would be appropriate for a hot, dry and sunny regions like S Rhone and S Australia. Why

A

Head trained, un-trellised and spur pruned. There is unlikely to be damp air so lack of airflow around the vine is not an issue. Additional shade protects the grapes from the sun

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20
Q

What is the gobelet training system. Why is it important in Beaujolais.

A

Shoots of head trained spur pruned vines are tied together at the tip which exposes grapes to sunlight but also to airflow to reduce the risk of fungal disease in damper regions ( eg Beaujolais )

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21
Q

What is Canopy Management

A

Tying of shoots and canes to a series of horizontal wires supported by posts

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22
Q

What are the reasons for canopy management

A

To optimize the amount of sunlight reaching the grapes ( open canopy ) or to protect them from excessive sun. To maximize airflow avoiding fungal disease ( open canopy ). Finally to aid mechanization. Separation of the canopy and the bunches of fruit simplifies mechanical harvesting

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23
Q

Is Vertical Shoot Positioning used with spur pruned or replacement cane pruned

A

Both

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24
Q

What are the advantages of VSP

A

Keeps the canopy as open as possible, well aerated and shade free

25
Q

Can VSP be used in a hot sunny climate.

A

Yes by allowing the shoots to flop over creating shade

26
Q

In a hot sunny climate with a flat vineyard would you choose bush trained or VSP trained vines

A

VSP allows mechanization so since the land is also flat this makes more sense

27
Q

How many vines per hectare represents low and high density planting

A

Low = 1,000 per hectare. High = 10,000 per hectare

28
Q

How many hectares is an acre

A

0.4

29
Q

If water is scarce what planting density would be appropriate and why

A

Low to avoid the vines having to compete for very limited water

30
Q

If there is ample rainfall but a low level of nutrients what density of planting would be appropriate

A

Since the vine can thrive with only minimal nutrients as long as it has water high density would make the vines compete for nutrients and struggle thus controlling their urge for vigorous vegetative development

31
Q

Why is it important to control the number of buds at time of pruning

A

Too many and they will not have access to enough resources. Too few and they will have too much and grow excessively

32
Q

What density and pruning can be used when there is sufficient rainfall and ample nutrients

A

Low density with multiple cordons or canes

33
Q

Why is it important to predict yields

A

Legal requirements, contractual obligation with winemaker, tank space

34
Q

What is green harvesting, when is it done and why is it important

A

Removal of immature fruit after veraison to reduce yields when they are likely to be high.

35
Q

What is the risk in green harvesting

A

If the fruit is removed a the wrong time the vine might to compensate for their loss by increasing the size of the grapes that are left. This can increase yield and dilute the flavors

36
Q

Name some vineyard pests

A

Phylloxera, Nematodes, Birds & Mammals, Insects

37
Q

How can nematodes be avoided

A

Sanitation of the soil prior to re-planting and use of resistant rootstocks

38
Q

How to protect against birds and mammals

A

Netting and fences

39
Q

What are nematodes and how do they damage vines

A

Microscopic worms that attack the roots interfering with uptake of water and nutrients. They can also transmit viruses

40
Q

What are 2 types of fungal problem and in what conditions do they thrive

A

Powdery mildew, Downey mildew. they thrive in warm damp environments

41
Q

What are the main stages of the annual vine cycle and when do they occur

A

Dormancy N Dec - March S July - Sept
Budburst N Mar - April S Sept - Oct
Early Shoots & Leaves N Mar - May S Sept - Nov
Flowering and Fruit set N May - June S Nov - Dec
Varaison & Ripening N July - Sept S Jan - Mar
Harvest N Sept - Oct S Mar - April

42
Q

What do powdery and downey mildew affect and what do they do to the grape flavors

A

All green parts of the vine incl the leaves and grapes. Grapes take on a mouldy bitter taste

43
Q

What causes Grey Rot where does it thrive

A

Botrytis Cinerea fungus. Thrives in damp conditions

44
Q

What can be used to counter downey mildew and powdery mildew

A

Bordeaux mixture - a copper based spray. Sulphur based spray for powdery mildew.

45
Q

which type of climate has most issues with fungal disease. What can be used to mitigate this without the use of chemicals

A

Maritime - high rainfall during growing season. Mitigate with canopy management - open canopy

46
Q

what impact do viruses have on vines. How are they spread

A

They rarely kill the vines but inhibit function impacting yield and quality. Spread from cuttings or via nematodes

47
Q

how are bacterial diseases spread

A

sharpshooters

48
Q

What options are available to a grower who wants to reduce the amount of man-made chemicals used in the vineyard

A

Sustainable agriculture , Organic agriculture, Biodynamic agriculture

49
Q

what are the fundamentals of sustainable agriculture

A

Man made chemicals are not banned but restricted. Rather than adhering to scheduled spraying patterns growers must be more predictive in their application by studying weather patterns and the life cycle of vineyard pests. This allows them to spray at times of greates impact and reduce overall chemical usage. Integrated pest management - encourage presence pest predators by diversifying the plants in the vineyard

50
Q

What are the fundamentals of Organic Agriculture

A

Shares many of the same principles as sustainable farming however only a very small number of more traditional treatments are permitted and only in small quantities. Accreditation is required before a wine can be labelled as organic. There are many different certification bodies and many have differing standards. One thing they all share is that the vineyard must undergo a period of conversion working to organic principles before it can be certified

51
Q

What are the fundamentals of biodynamic agriculture

A

Based on the work of Rudolf Steiner and Maria Thun. Based on organic practices but includes the philosophy of cosmology. Vineyard soil is seen as connected to the rest of the earth, air and other planets. Vineyard practices are aligned with the cycles of moons, planets and stars. Homeopathic remedies are used to combat pests and diseases

52
Q

What color change is seen in black and white grapes ar veraison.

A

Black grapes go red then purple. White grapes go translucent then golden

53
Q

Describe the changes in the grape during ripening

A

Sugar increases acid levels drop. Tannins in the skins of the grape become less astringent and the grapes develop their signature flavors

54
Q

Perfect ripeness is a balance between what things

A

Sugar, acid, tannin and flavor

55
Q

what factors can affect when the grapes are picked

A

Balance of sugar, acid, tannin and flavor, weather, capacity of the winery

56
Q

what factors affect whether harvest is manual or mechanized

A

Weather, topography, availability of labor, how the vineyard is planted, cost and wine making choices

57
Q

what are the pros and cons of machine harvesting

A

Fast, can be done at night meaning cool grapes, not labor intensive. Not selective also picks MOG and bad grapes, not suitable for steep vineyards, can damage delicate grapes, cannot pick whole bunches which are necessary for beaujolais and champagne

58
Q

what are the pros and cons of hand harvesting

A

highly selective so less sorting at winery, allows picking of whole bunches, allows picking of botrytized grapes for certain sweet wines, less damage, only option on steep slopes. Slow, labor intensive and could be expensive if a large workforce is not available

WSET3 (25 decks)

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