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WSET3 > S Africa, Australia & NZ > Flashcards

S Africa, Australia & NZ Flashcards

1
Q

Where are most of SAs vineyards, Why

A

Along the coastline of the Cape. To take advantage of the cooling effects of the Southern Ocean

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2
Q

Between what latitudes are SA vineyards

A

27 and 34 degrees south of the equator

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3
Q

What is the name of the current that flows up the W coast of SA from the antarctic

A

The Benguela Current

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4
Q

What is the name of the strong SE summer winds that bring cool Oceanic air

A

Cape Doctor

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5
Q

On what aspect of mtns are vineyards of SA planted - why

A

Southerly facing to benefit from cooler temps

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6
Q

How do mountains benefit the vineyards

A

Provide shade from the sun and also channel winds thru the vineyards

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7
Q

What is SAs Gi system. What will appear on bottles certifying wines compliant with this

A

WO Wine of Origin. A certification seal

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8
Q

What production areas does SA wine law recognise

A

Geographical Unit ( eg Western Cape ) - split into regions ( eg Coastal Region, Breede River Valley and Cape South Coast ) - split further into Districts then Wards

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9
Q

What are Estate wines in SA

A

All grapes grown on estate vineyards that cover a single geographical area. Producer must have on site facilities for processing grapes from harvest to bottling

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10
Q

What is the name for the sustainable agriculture scheme in SA. How is this displayed on a wine label

A

Integrated Production of Wine ( IPW ). Certified producers can include their credentials as part of the WO seal on the label

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11
Q

What is the dominant black grape of SA. What is it typically blended with

A

Cabernet. Merlot and Cab Franc

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12
Q

Apart from Cabernet, Cab Franc and Merlot what other black grapes are grown in SA

A

Syrah from warmer sites produces rich full bodied reds ripe black fruit, high ABV with an earthy meaty character. From cooler sites it is leaner and more peppery.
Pinot Noir though this is only grown in cooler coastal sites.
Pinotage

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13
Q

What are the range of styles of Pinotage. What flavors does it take on when fermented and / or stored with heavily toasted oak

A

Light, fruity with red berry flavors to full bodied, rich spiced berry fruit
Chocolate and Coffee

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14
Q

What is Pinotage a cross between

A

Pinot Noir and Cinsault

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15
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in SA. In what range of styles is it made

A

Chenin Blanc
Simple and light with stone fruit flavors to more complex concentrated with fuller texture grown from old bush vines. Oak fermenting and aging add complexity

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16
Q

What is the second most planted white grape in SA. What is this typically used for

A

Columbard is used to make Brandy

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17
Q

What can be said about SB from SA

A

Grown only on the cooler sites can display pure flavors of citrus and green fruit often with a herbaceous note

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18
Q

What can be said about Chardonnay production in SA

A

The best comes from cooler sites, Burgundy techniques such as barrel fermentation and lees stirring are common

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19
Q

What is Muscat of Alexandria known as in SA. What is it used for

A

Hanepoot is used to make late harvest sweet wines. Noble rot is often a factor in these wines

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20
Q

Apart from Chenin Blanc, SB, Chardonnay and Muscat of Alex what other whites are present in SA

A

Viognier ( rich and perfumed with a hint of oak )

Marsanne, Roussanne, Grenache Blanc

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21
Q

Which SA region is producing high quality white blends of Chenin Blanc with Rhone varieties.

A

Swartland

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22
Q

Which region produces over 90% of SAs wine

A

Western Cape

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23
Q

Wineries in certain districts or wards are allowed to source fruit from outside of the Gi in which they are located. How must these wines be labelled

A

With a region eg Coastal Region or with a Geographical Unit eg Western Cape

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24
Q

Where is the Stellenbosch district

A

In the Coastal region. Stretches from the coast at Somerset West right up to the Mountains that surround the town of Stellenbosch

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25
Q

What is the climate of Stellenbosch. What provides a cooling effect

A

Moderate to warm depending on location. Rainfall is sufficient in winter and summers are cooled by the cool winds from False Bay

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26
Q

What are the major factors in the success of Stellenbosch

A

The variety of altitudes, aspect and soils available in a relatively small area

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27
Q

What wines is Stellenbosch famous for. What can be produced in the cooler sites

A

Cabernet, Merlot, Syrah and Cape red blends. SB and Chardonnay

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28
Q

What district lies to the North of Stellenbosch. What is its geography and climate

A

Paarl. Further inland and hotter than Stellenbosch. though this is moderated by cooler night temps. Mountainous

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29
Q

What grapes are grown in Paarl

A

Cabernet, Syrah, Pinotage, Chenin Blanc and Chardonnay

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30
Q

Where is Constantia ward. What is it known for having

A

In the Cape Peninsula District has some of the oldest vines in the Cape which lie on the Eastern flanks of Table Mtn

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31
Q

What wine is Constantia known for - what weather effect makes this possible

A

SB. It is constantly cooled by the Cape Doctor

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32
Q

What is the sweet wine made in Constantia from late harvest Muscat

A

Vin de Constance

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33
Q

Apart from SB and Muscat what other grapes are planted in the Cape

A

Chenin Blanc, Semillon, Shiraz and Cabernet

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34
Q

Which district used to be known for bulk inexpensive wine but has reinvented itself as a producer of premium wines. What is it known for these days

A

Swartland. High quality Chenin Blanc and Syrah

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35
Q

What district is to the SW of Swartland. What wines is it known for

A

Darling. Primarily SB but now other varieties

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36
Q

Which ward in the Tygerberg district has a reputation for SB

A

Durbanville

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37
Q

What district lies at the Western end of the Breede River Valley. What is the climate and what market does it serve

A

Worcester. Hot and dry climate. Produces large volume wines from Chenin Blanc and Columbard.

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38
Q

What district is to the East of Worcester…how do the climates compare. What markets does it serve

A

Robertson is cooler than Worcester thanks to cooling SE winds. Reliable high volume wine. Can produce full bodied Chardonnay and excellent Syrah

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39
Q

In which district is the most well established vineyard area in Cape South Coast, Name a ward within it

A

Walker Bay. Hemel en Aarde

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40
Q

What wines is Walker Bay known for

A

Chardonnay, Pinot but also SB, Merlot and Syrah

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41
Q

What district is to the NW of Walker Bay. What is the cooling influence there and what wines is it known for

A

Elgin is at altitude. Known for SB but also grows Pinot, Chardonnay and Syrah

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42
Q

What district is to the SE of Walker Bay. What is it known for and in which ward in particular

A

Cape Agulhas. Elim ward is known for pungent herbaceous SB. Syrah also shows promise.

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43
Q

What 4 wines is Australia known for internationally

A

Full bodied Shiraz, lime flavored Rieslings, elegant Cabernets and ageable Semillon

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44
Q

What provides respite from the heat in the vineyard areas of Australia. What 2 effects can be a significant problem

A

Indian and Southern Oceans and the Murray River system. Adelaide Hills and Eden Valley are cooled by altitude. Drought and wildfires

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45
Q

What 2 areas rely on the Murray river for irrigation

A

Murray Darling and Riverland

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46
Q

Where are producers seeking cooler sites

A

High altitude sites on the mainland and in Tasmania

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47
Q

What is the principle black grape of Australia. Discuss the range of styles and where they are made

A

Hunter Valley ( hot ) and Barossa ( warm ) make full bodied concentrated shiraz with spicy earthy notes - leather with age. Cooler sites like Geelong and Heathcote produced leaner more peppery style

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48
Q

What function does Shiraz perform in blends with Cabernet

A

Gives softness and body in a similar way to Merlot

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49
Q

Describe Cabernet from Australia - how does it compare to Shiraz. What are it’s traditional sites

A

Darker with firmer tannins and higher acid than Shairaz, ripe black currant and black cherry with toasty oak. Coonawarra and Margaret River

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50
Q

True or False. In Australia Merlot tends only to be found in blends with Cabernet

A

true

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51
Q

Where are the best sites in Australia for Pinot. What is its typical profile

A

Cooler sites like Mornington Peninsula, Yarra Valley and Tasmania. Med body, med ABV, med to high acid cherry and strawberry

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52
Q

Australia’s hot climate is perfect for which grapes

A

Grenache, Mataro ( Mourvedre ), Petite Verdot, Sangiovese and Tempranillo

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53
Q

What is the most widely planted white grape in Australia. In what style is it made

A

Chardonnay. From Inexpensive peachy blends of regional fruit with no oak or with the addition of oak staves. To premium wines, often well balanced fresh vibrant fruit complemented by subtle use of lees, MLF and oak

54
Q

Where are traditional sites for premium Chardonnay

A

Margaret River, Adelaide Hills, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley

55
Q

What site is becoming known for premium SB. What is its profile

A

Adelaide Hills. Passion fruit and high acid

56
Q

Where is known for Semillon in Australia. How is it handled in the winery. What is their flavor profile

A

Hunter Valley. Picked early with low sugar levels to preserve acid. Handled protectively in the winery, fermented / stored in inert vessels. Low Alcohol almost neutral in flavor when young they develop flavors of toast and honey with age ( can age 20 years or more )

57
Q

How does Semillon made in Western Australia differ from Hunter Valley versions. What could it be mistaken as. Where else is it made

A

It is more herbaceous and could be mistaken for SB. Also made in the Barossa Valley in a fuller bodied softer style though early picked unoaked versions are no popular

58
Q

Describe Australian Riesling

A

pronounced citrus flavors ( lime, lemon grapefruit ) when young but develop flavors of toast, honey and petrol with age. Unoaked, high acid dry or off dry

59
Q

Where are the classic sites for Australian Riesling. What 2 additional sites are gaining a reptutation - how does the profile from these 2 differ

A

Eden and Clare Valleys. Tasmania and Frankland River in WA. These wines are more floral and less citrussy

60
Q

What is the Australian GI hierarchy ( biggest to smallest )

A

Zones, regions subregions

61
Q

Describe Zones under the Australian GI system. Do these appear on labels

A

Large areas with no qualifying attributes. Can be states eg S Australia or made up of several states eg SE Australia. Other than Barossa no

62
Q

Describe regions under Australian Gi system

A

Vary in size and are smaller than zones ( eg Coonawarra, Margaret River, Clare Valley ). Must have distinct and consistent qualities from neighboring regions

63
Q

Describe subregions under Australian GI system

A

Must have distinct or unique qualities

64
Q

In which zone is the region of Eden Valley

A

The Barossa Zone, which is within the S Australia Zone which is within the SE Australia Zone

65
Q

Which GIs are covered by the SE Australia Zone. What does this mean in terms of blending. What sort of wines are labelled in this way

A

S Australia, Victoria, NSW and Queensland. A wine labelled SE Australia could be a blend from any of those states. High volume wines

66
Q

Where do many of the grapes for high volume wines come from in Australia. Where might higher quality grapes to improve these blends come from

A

Riverland ( S Australia ), Murray Darling ( Victoria ) Riverina (NSW)
Barossa, McClaren Vale or Adelaide Hills

67
Q

In addition to bulk wines what other style of wine is made in Riverina

A

Noble Rot wines

68
Q

Which state produces the majority of Australia’s wine. Where are the vineyards concentrated. The state produces many of the countries best wines - what are they labelled as

A

S Australia. In the SE of the state. Labelled as S Australia

69
Q

Where is Barossa and what is its climate

A

To the North of Adelaide. Warm and dry

70
Q

What type of vines are predominant in Barossa. Which varietals

A

Old bush vines, Syrah, Cabernet, Grenache

71
Q

Describe Barossa Shiraz

A

Full bodied, ripe tannins, concentrated black fruit and sweet American oak. Develops aromas of leather and spice with age

72
Q

What is the most notable white made in Barossa

A

Semillon made in a fresh unoaked style.

73
Q

Wine labelled Barossa can be made with grapes sourced from where

A

Barossa Valley and Eden Valley

74
Q

Where is Eden Valley, What is its climate

A

To the East of Barossa. Cool to moderate climate varying with altitude.

75
Q

What wines are famous from Eden Valley, Describe the profile. What else is grown there

A

High quality Riesling. Lime, Lemon and grapefruit. Develops marmalade and toast with age. Shiraz, Chardonnay and Cabernet are also grown

76
Q

Where is Clare Valley. What is the climate and what is its speciality.

A

In the NW of the Barossa Valley. Warm climate is tempered by cool afternoon breezes and nights are cold. Many vineyards are at 300 to 570 m. Speciality is Riesling

77
Q

Describe Clare Valley Riesling. What other wines are made there

A

Dry high acid, lemon and lime. With age develop honey and toast. Shiraz is fragrant, powerful and structured. Excellent Cabernet is also made with long aging potential

78
Q

Where is Adelaide Hills, what is its climate. What is it’s speciality

A

25 km east of Adelaide. Moderate climate where all the vineyards are planted above 400m. Rainfall is mainly in winter and soils have low water retention properties so irrigation is needed. Speciality is SB and Chardonnay ( high acid with flavors of peach and citrus )

79
Q

Apart from SB and Chardonnay what other grapes are grown in Adelaide Hills

A

Pinot for still and sparkling wines

80
Q

Where is McClaren Vale. What is its climate. What are its wines

A

On the coast south of Adelaide. Warm climate is tempered by cool afternoon sea breezes. Reds from Shiraz, Grenache, Cabernet and Merlot. Intensely flavored with dark fruit and soft tannin

81
Q

Where is Coonawarra

A

400 km SE of Adelaide. Narrow strip 1.5km wide by 15km long towards the border with Victoria.

82
Q

What is the soil of Coonawarra

A

Terra Rossa soil over limestone subsoil

83
Q

Describe the climate of Coonawarra. What moderates temperatures

A

Moderate Maritime. Moderated by cold currents from the Antarctic and cloud cover in summer.

84
Q

What wines are made in Coonawarra

A

Concentrated and structured Cabernets with Cassis, Eucalyptus and Menthol aromas. Shiraz, Merlot and Chardonnay also made

85
Q

Which state has some of the coolest sites in the country. Where is it cool enough to grow Pinot and Chardonnay

A

Victoria. Around Melbourne and Port Phillip Bay which are cooled by ocean breezes. High altitude sites such as Upper Goulburn and those in the Macedon Ranges also produce Pinot and Chardonnay

86
Q

Where in Victoria are Shiraz and Cabernet grown

A

Regions on the lower slopes of the great dividing range

87
Q

where is the Yarra Valley. Climate & Speciality

A

NE of Melbourne. Cool to moderate maritime climate

Pinot is the speciality

88
Q

Describe Yarra Valley Pinot

A

Rich in red fruit, strawberry, plums and dark cherries. Tannins are ripe and soft. Careful oak handling adds complexity

89
Q

In addition to Pinot what other grapes are grown in Yarra. How do these compare to similar wines from warmer regions

A

Chardonnay, Shiraz and Cabernet . Do not have the weight of wines from warmer sites

90
Q

Where is Mornington Peninsula. What is its climate and what are its specialities

A

South of Melbourne. Cool to Moderate Maritime. Produces Pinot and Chardonnay

91
Q

What can be said about vintage consistency in Mornington Peninsula

A

They are inconsistent due to the chance of cool wet windy weather at flowering or harvest

92
Q

Describe Mornington Pinots and Chardonnays

A

Pinots range in style from light and delicate to more structured but all styles share very pure fruit character
Chardonnays show citrus, apple and pear with high acid. Usually softened with MLF

93
Q

Where is Geelong, what is its climate and what wines is it known for

A

W of Melbourne has a similar climate to Mornington. Known for complex, concentrated, full bodied Chardonnay
Pinot is earthy and Shiraz is fresh and peppery

94
Q

Where is Heathcote, what is its climate and what wines is it known for

A

In central Victoria further inland. Moderate climate due to its altitude. Shiraz with firmer structure and fresher fruit than some warmer sites. Cabernet and Chardonnay are produced as well as Tempranillo and Sangiovese.

95
Q

Where is Goulburn Valley, What is its climate and what wines is it known for

A

East of Heathcote. Warm climate. Lakes and creeks of the Goulburn river offer some mitigation. Shiraz is planted but the speciality is Marsanne which shows citrus fruits in youth developing honeyed aromas with bottle age.

96
Q

Which state has the longest tradition of wine making in Australia. What are 4 of the regions here. Where are most plantings

A

NSW. Hunter Valley, Mudgee, Orange and Cowra ( the latter 3 are cooler than Hunter ). Planted at altitude on W slopes of great dividing range

97
Q

What is the climate of Hunter Valley. What can help mitigate this. What is essential to avoid the effect of one climate characteristic

A

Hot and humid. Cloud cover in summer can mitigate the heat. Canopy management is essential to avoid fungal disease in the damp conditions

98
Q

What grapes are grown in Hunter Valley

A

Semillon, Chardonnay ( oaked and unoaked ). Shiraz makes wine with black berry and black cherry fruit, soft tannin, med body and earthy undertone

99
Q

Where are the wine regions of WA

A

SW tip of the large state

100
Q

Which is the only Australian region which is not part of the SE Australia super zone

A

WA

101
Q

Where is Margaret River, what is its climate and what is it known for

A

200km south of Perth. Warm Maritime, higher rainfall than other Australian regions but falls mainly in the winter. Known for Cabernet / Merlot blends ranging in style from restrained and elegant to powerful and fruity

102
Q

Apart from red Bordeaux blends what other wines is Margaret River known for

A

Chardonnay with conc stone fruit and high acid. Range of styles are made using barrel aging and MLF to add complexity.
SB is blended with Semillon producing gooseberry and tropical fruit with high acid

103
Q

What area to the south of WA has opened up for wine production . What are 2 of its sub regions and what are they known for

A

Great Southern region. Mount Barker and Frankland River are known for deeply colored Cabernet, elegant peppery Shiraz and floral Riesling

104
Q

What is the climate of Tasmania and what is it known for

A

Cool maritime. Originally known for base wine for sparkling it is now prime location for Riesling, Pinot, SB, Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc and Pinot Gris

105
Q

What is the climate of NZ and what does it enable in terms of grape ripening

A

Cool Maritime. N Island is a little warmer than the South. Long sunny days, nights cooled by sea breezes and long ripening period means the grapes can fully ripen with high levels of sugar, fresh fruit and high acid

106
Q

Where are the vineyards of the S Island - why

A

On the E side where they are sheltered from rain bearing W winds by the Southern Alps

107
Q

Why have NZ growers become experts in trellising and canopy management techniques

A

The overly fertile soil on flat land enourages overly vigorous vine growth that needs to be managed.

108
Q

What is the name of the initiative that sets out standards for sustainable wine growing in NZ

A

Sustainable Winegrowing New Zealand

109
Q

What is NZs flagship grape - since when. What is its typical flavor profile

A

SB since the 1990s

Pungent aromas and flavors of elderflower and passionfruit with high acid

110
Q

What is the difference between N and S island SB

A

South has higher acid, gooseberry and green bell pepper. N has more tropical fruit

111
Q

Describe typical Chardonnay from NZ

A

Concentrated citrus and tropical fruit with subtle hints of toast and sweet spice from new French oak

112
Q

Apart from SB and Chardonnay which aromatic white grapes are also grown. What ensures these achieve aromatic ripeness

A

Riesling, Gewurz, Pinot Gris

Long autumn days and cool nights

113
Q

What is the second most planted grape in NZ after SB. Where is it mostly planted and what is the general style

A

Pinot. Mostly on the S Island

vibrant red fruit, fine ripe tannin, often quite high in ABV

114
Q

What is the second most planted red grape in NZ

A

Merlot which is blended with Cabernet mostly on the N Island

115
Q

Apart from Pinot, Cabernet and Merlot what other red grape is planted. What are its wines often compared to in terms of style

A

Syrah produces elegant wines often compared to those of the Rhone rather than hotter sites in Australia

116
Q

Where is Aukland, what is it’s climate, are there any grape growing issues stemming from it and what wines is it known for. Name a site with a growing reputation

A

N Island. Climate is warm and wet so disease pressure is high. Known for Merlot, Chardonnay and Syrah
Waiheke Island

117
Q

Where is Gisbourne, what is its climate and what wines is it known for

A

N Island on the east coast. Rainfall is high, warm temps and long sunny days during growing season. Most vines are Chardonnay making wines with distinct tropical fruit flavors.
Pinot Gris and Gewurz ( high quality ) are also planted

118
Q

Where is Hawkes Bay, what is its climate and what wine is it known for

A

N Island East coast near the towns of Hastings and Napier. Warmest of the NZ sites with the longest sunshine hours. Wine styles can vary according to aspect and soil

119
Q

Where in Hawkes Bay is famous for it’s Merlot / Cabernet. What else is grown there

A

Gimblett Gravels. Syrah

120
Q

Where is Wairarapa, what is its climate and what is it known for. What is the typical profile of the wine

A

N Island southern tip. Most important area is Martinborough which is known for Pinot which is able to grow well in the hotter summer temps due to the large diurnal swing at night
Wines are med to full bodied with hints of ripe darl plum and spice.

121
Q

Where is Marlborough, what is its climate and what is it known for

A

S Island northern tip. Climate similar to Martinborough and is known for SB and Pinot

122
Q

Where are most of the vineyards of Marlborough

A

in 2 adjacent estuary valleys. Wairau and Awatere

123
Q

What is unique about the Wairau Valley.

A

The valley is not uniform and a number of side valleys give growers a range of altitudes and aspects to work with

124
Q

Compare the Awatere Valley to Wairau. What effect does this have on the SB from here

A

Drier, cooler and windier. SBs are higher in acid, pronounced herbaceousness and lack the tropical fruit character of Wairau

125
Q

In addition to SB what other grapes are planted around Marlborough

A

Chardonnay, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir

126
Q

Describe Pinot Noir from Marlborough

A

Medium body, fine tannin, flavors of cherry and cranberry

127
Q

Where is Nelson, what is its climate and what is it known for

A

S Island to the NW of Wairau Valley. Cooler and wetter than Marlborough. Known for SB, Pinot Noir and Pinot Gris

128
Q

Where is Canterbury, describe its 2 main centers of wine production and what is it known for.

A

S Island, Eastern coast between the ocean and the S Alps. One is the plain to the west of Christcurch the other is Waipara Valley to the North. Both are warmed by NW winds though the plain area is also cooled by the ocean.. SB and Pinot Noir are most planted. Waipara also known for high quality Riesling

129
Q

Where is Central Otago, what is its climate and what is it known for

A

S Island. Inland in the foothills of the Southern Alps. Climate is continental and frost is an issue in spring and autumn. Summers warm but there is a large diurnal swing. Sunlight is intense causing high ABV.. Known for Pinot full bodied, juicy, vibrant with concentrated red fruit

130
Q

Apart from Pinot what other grapes are important in Central Otago

A

Chardonnay, Pinot Gris and Riesling

WSET3 (25 decks)

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