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WSET3 > The Vine & Growing Environment > Flashcards

The Vine & Growing Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main European vine species

A

Vitis Vinifera

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2
Q

What are the 2 techniques that may be used to propagate wines

A

Layering, Cutting

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3
Q

What is layering and what is the associated risk

A

Bending over a section of the vine and burying it. The major risk is phylloxera

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4
Q

True or false. The offspring of a vine propagated by layering or cutting is identical to the parent

A

True

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5
Q

What is cloning

A

Using cutting or layering to propagate positive characteristics of a vine occurring naturally by genetic mutation

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6
Q

True or false. The individual plants that comprise a clone are considered to be from the same grape variety

A

True

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7
Q

Give 2 examples where clones were significantly different to the parent resulting in them being considered a new variety.

A

Pinot Blanc and Pinot Gris are both clones of Pinot Noir

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8
Q

How are man made new varieties created

A

Cross pollination of flowers from different varietals then planting of the resulting seeds

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9
Q

True or false. Cross pollination of flowers from the same varietal produces a plant with same genetic make up as the parents.

A

False

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10
Q

What happens in photosynthesis

A

The plant uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose and oxygen

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11
Q

Name the green parts of the vine

A

Buds, tendrils, leaves, flowers or berries

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12
Q

What are bunches of vine flowers called

A

Inflorescences

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13
Q

How many buds do spurs and canes typically have after winter pruning

A

2-3 and around 20 respectively

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14
Q

What function do the roots of a vine serve

A

To absorb water and nutrients from the soil, anchor the vine and to store carbohydrates during winter

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15
Q

What is permanent wood

A

Wood that is more than 1 year old

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16
Q

What is a new variety called when produced from 2 parents of the same species. Give an example

A

Crossing. Cabernet Sauvignon is a cross between Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc.

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17
Q

What are Pinotage and Muller Thurgau crossings between

A

Pinot Noir x Cinsault Riesling x Madeline Royal

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18
Q

What are hybrids and why are they important

A

Crossings between vines of different species. American x V Vinifera ( eg Vidal ). They are not suitable for making wine however they are used throughout the world for rootstocks

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19
Q

In which countries has phylloxera yet to be seen. Why American rootstocks still be used here despite the absence of the pest

A

Chile, parts of Argentina and S Australia. Provides resistance to other pests like nematodes and also drought

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20
Q

what are the 2 ways V Vinifera vines can be transferred onto American rootstocks

A

Bench grafting or Head grafting

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21
Q

What are the advantages of head grafting over bench grafting

A

Cheaper and if successful the vine with produce new fruit next vintage

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22
Q

What things does a healthy vine need

A

Heat, Water, Nutrients, Carbon Dioxide and Sunlight

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23
Q

Below what temperature can a vine not grow

A

10 C

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24
Q

What are the factors affecting Heat

A

Latitude, Altitude, Aspect, Ocean currents, Fog, Soil, Continentality & Diurnal Range

25
Q

What is the term used to denote the change in color of grapes during the ripening process

A

Veraison

26
Q

What does the vine do with the glucose it creates from photosynthesis

A

Combines it with the nutrients it absorbs from the soil to support its growth and ripening of grapes

27
Q

what variables directly affect the quality and quantity of fruit a vine produces

A

Sunlight, water, temperature and availability of nutrients

28
Q

What variable dictates which grapes can be grown where geographically

A

Amount of heat in the growing season

29
Q

What factors might mitigate excessive heat and allow grapes to be grown outside of the typical 30 - 50 degree latitude band

A

Altitude ( cooling ), Ocean currents ( cooling or warming), Fog (cooling ), Soils ( warming ), Aspect (warming)

30
Q

Why is aspect of a vineyard important

A

Vineyards which face the equator get the most heat from the sun. In cool climates southerly facing vineyards have a better chance of ripening fruit. Slope is also important and vines on steep southerly facing slopes receive more direct sunlight than others.

31
Q

Discuss the effect of soil with respect to heat

A

dark soils or those with a high proportion of rocks and stones are likely to re-radiate heat which can warm the vine in cool climates. Soil with a high water content require energy to warm up which draws heat away from the vine possibly delaying budburst

32
Q

What is High Continentality

A

A large temp difference between hottest and coldest months.

33
Q

True or false. Areas near large bodies of water typically have high continentality

A

False

34
Q

What does continentality affect with respect to grape growing

A

The total amount of heat available to a vine and therefore the length of the growing season

35
Q

What is the name for the difference between daytime and nighttime temperatures

A

Diurnal Range

36
Q

What is the effect of diurnal range on grapes

A

( In a Hot Climate ) High diurnal range - the grapes are cooled at night preserving acid and aromas. Low - accelerates ripening and loss of acid.
( In a Cool Climate ) High - vines get too cold.

37
Q

In a cool climate what can mitigate a high diurnal range.

A

Bodies of water like lakes or rivers…at night they can warm the air and provide cooling breezes during the day

38
Q

What are the effects of a hard or mild winter

A

temperatures below -20 C can kill the vines. Mild winters mean more pests and bugs survive to attack the vines the next summer

39
Q

What can be done to mitigate spring frosts

A

Heaters, fans sprinkers ( used to form thing layer of ice on vines which acts as a protective layer ), vineyard design ( avoid depressions, use slopes, train vines hight to avoid low cool air pockets )

40
Q

What is the effect of cold temperatures in the spring

A

Delayed budbreak, impacts flowering and fruit set resulting in reduced yield

41
Q

What factors affect the amount of sunlight available to a vine

A

Latitude, Aspect, Seas and Lakes

42
Q

Why can cloudy conditions cause problems in the spring

A

Sunlight is needed to support flowering and fruit set. Absence of sun can result in reduced crop. Cloud cover can also hinder photosynthesis resulting in under ripe fruit.

43
Q

What happens to the grapes when there is too much intense sun. How can this be mitigated

A

Sunburn - bitter taste to the grapes. Canopy management

44
Q

What is the process by which a vine draws water up through its roots to it’s leaves

A

Transpiration

45
Q

What are the main types of irrigation

A

Drip - each vine has its own dripper. Sprinklers - waste a lot of water and create damp conditions that could cause disease. Flood - wasteful and can only be done on flat land.

46
Q

What is the effect on a vine of too much water. How can this be mitigated

A

Vine will divert sugar away from ripening grapes and concentrate on growing leaves and shoots. The leaves will shade the grapes which will further restrict grape development. Water logged soil can saturate the roots killing the vine. Plant on slopes in soils with good drainage. Install drainage pipes

47
Q

What are the hazards of heavy rainfall

A

Disruption of flowering and fruit set. Damp conditions encourage fungal disease. Heavy rain at harvest causes the grapes to swell and split leaving them prone to disease. Also dilutes the flavors

48
Q

What is climate

A

The annual pattern of sunlight and rainfall averaged out over a period of several years

49
Q

What are the average growing season temperatures for a Cool, Moderate, Warm and Hot climate

A

Cool = 16.5 C or below. Moderate = 16.5 to 18.5 C, Warm = 18.5 to 21 C, Hot = 21 C or more

50
Q

Describe a Continental Climate giving an example of a region

A

Big difference between hottest and coldest months ( High Continentality). Short hot summers with a large rapid temp drop in autumn. Cool continental climates ( like Chablis ) are at risk from cool temps during growing season and frost in spring and fall

51
Q

Describe a Maritime climate giving an example of a region

A

Cool or moderate temperatures with low continentality. Rainfall occurs evenly throughout the year moderating the temperature. Means that temps are warm enought to allow ripening well into the autumn. Eg Bordeaux

52
Q

Describe a Mediterranean climate giving an example of a region

A

Low continentality with warm dry summers. Eg coastal CA, Penedes.

53
Q

What kind of grapes are more suited to a Continental, Maritime and Mediterranean climate

A

Continental - Late bud / early ripen (Chardonnay)
Martime - late ripen ( Cabernet )
Mediterranean - Garnacha ( wines are generally fuller bodied, higher alcohol, higher tannin and lower acid

54
Q

What is the name for decomposing plant and animal materials that make up part of the soil structure

A

Humus

55
Q

How is water stored in soil

A

By binding with clay and humus

56
Q

What is loam. Is it good or bad from vine growing and why

A

Mixture of sand and clay particles. Drains water well ( sand ) but retains enough for the vines needs

57
Q

What are the nutrients required by a vine

A

Potassium, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

58
Q

What disease can be caused by lack of nutrients

A

Chlorosis

WSET3 (25 decks)

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