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WSET3 > Spain & Portugal > Flashcards

Spain & Portugal Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the climate of Spain ( 3 zones )

A

North and NW - moderate maritime dominated by the Atlantic
East Coast from Catalunya to the Levante - warm Mediterranean
Meseta Central - Hot Continental

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2
Q

With the exception of the NW what are Spain’s biggest challenges in growing grapes. What configuration of vines is used to overcome this

A

Heat and lack of water

Low density, bush trained vines maximise available water and shield the grapes from sunburn

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3
Q

Describe the use of oak between inexpensive and premium wines

A

Inexpensive unlikely to see oak and semi carbonic maceration often used
Premium almost always sees oak and a proportion sees new oak

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4
Q

What is Spains premium red grape and where is it typically grown

A

Tempranillo is grown all over the North and Central regions

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5
Q

Describe the Tempranillo grape.

A

Thick skinned, medium acid

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6
Q

It requires a hot climate to ripen fully but it’s lower acidity can mean what if there isn’t a big enough diurnal swing

A

If the nights do not cool down sufficiently the grapes will ripen too quickly and will lose acid

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7
Q

What type of location does Tempranillo grow best

A

Hot sites moderated by elevation or by the sea

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8
Q

With what is Tempranillo commonly blended

A

Garnacha, Graciano, Carinena, Cabernet

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9
Q

What is the full name for Grenache and Mourvedre in Spain. What kind of wines do they produce in Spain

A

Garnacha Tinta - High alcohol, med tannin, low acid. Used in Roses
Monstrell - full bodied, intense, simple, high tannin, low to med acid, black berry fruit

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10
Q

Apart from Tempranillo, Garnacha and Monastrell what are 3 other black Spanish grapes

A

Carinena ( Mazuelo ), Graciano, Mencia

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11
Q

Why is Carinena blended with Garnacha in Priorat

A

To give the wine additional tannin

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12
Q

Why is Graciano added to Tempranillo

A

Adds concentrated black fruit, acid and tannin

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13
Q

Describe Mencia. What kind of climate does it like

A

Med - high acid, fresh fruit and herbaceousness. Moderate

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14
Q

What 2 words describe the whites of Spain

A

Fresh and fruity

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15
Q

What do they do to in the winery to preserve the fresh fruit character

A

Pick at night and ferment in temp controlled SS tanks

Oak fermenting and maturing still practiced

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16
Q

What is it about Verdejo that made it suitable for making a certain style of wine

A

Prone to oxidation - sherry like wines

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17
Q

With protective winemaking what style of wine does Verdejo make

A

Light high acid, melon and peach

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18
Q

What can be done to Verdejo to make it into a richer fuller style

A

skin contact and barrel fermentation

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19
Q

Given where Albarino is grown what feature of the grape make it particularly suited to that region

A

Its thick skin makes it resistant to fungal disease

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20
Q

What is Alvarino profile

A

High acid, citrus, stone fruit

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21
Q

Apart from Verdejo and Alvarino what are 4 other Spanish white grapes

A

Parellada, Xarel-lo, Macabeo, Airen

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22
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in Spain - where is it planted and what is most of it used for

A

Airen. La Mancha

Production of Brandy de Jerez

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23
Q

What is Spanish for PDO. What more traditional terms a are still used

A

Denominacion de Origen Protegida ( DOP )
Denominacion de Origen (DO)
Denominacion de Origen Calificada (DOC)

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24
Q

What does VP stand for in Spain. What is this

A

Vinos de Pago. As small group of prestigious estates with high reputations. Must grow and vinify their own grapes only

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25
Q

What term is used for PGI wines in Spain

A

Vino de la Terre ( VdlT)

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26
Q

the term Joven means the wine spent aging and how long in oak

A

None

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27
Q

total age / oak age for Crianza red / white

A

24 / 6 18 / 6

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28
Q

total age / oak age for Reserva red / white

A

36 / 12 24 / 6

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29
Q

total age / oak age for Gran Reserva red / white

A

60 / 18 48 / 6

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30
Q

what is Macabeo called in Rioja

A

Viura

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31
Q

what international varietals are grown in Spain exp NE

A

Chardonnay, Cabernet, Merlot, SB

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32
Q

what are the 6 principle DO regions of Spain based on climate and grape variety

A

Upper Ebro, Catalunya, Duero Valley, NW, the Levante and

Castilla la Mancha

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33
Q

what is one Spainish region designated for production of VdlT wine

A

Castilla y Leon

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34
Q

what is the principle city of the Rioja. What are the 3 sub regions

A

Logrono. Rioja Alavasa, Rioja Alta, Rioja Baja

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35
Q

Describe the regions of Rioja Alta and Alavasa

A

Alavasa is situated West of Logrono on the north bank of the Ebro in the foothils of the Cantabrian Mts. Alta is also west of Logrono but further south. Both area have vineyards at elevations of 500 to 800 m and are moderated by the Atlantic and shielded by the Cantabrian Mts

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36
Q

Describe the region of Rioja Baja

A

To the east of Logrono mostly on the south of the Ebro. Its climate is less maritime and it is hotter

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37
Q

What grapes are grown in Rioja

A

Tempranillo ( ( Alta and Alavasa ), Garnacha ( Baja ), Graciano, Mazuelo,

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38
Q

How are many early drinking Rioja wines fermented

A

Carbonic Maceration

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39
Q

How are wines meant for aging typically fermented in Rioja

A

Pre and Post extended maceration, Aggressive cap management

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40
Q

Red Rioja wines were typically aged in what sort of oak giving what typical flavor. Now what is being used more and with what additional aromas result

A

American - vanilla. French - subtle spice

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41
Q

Describe the historic trends in Rioja white wines

A

Trad white Rioja was made from Viura and aged for a significant period in American oak giving the wines a golden color and a nutty flavor. Modern producers are making wine protectively to yield fresh light wines. Some are also barrel fermenting but these wines are far less oxidative than the trad wines

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42
Q

Where is Navarra located in relation to Rioja

A

From the N and E borders of Rioja to the foothills of the Pyrenees

43
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in Navarra. What is blended with increasingly in modern trends

A

Tempranillo

Cabernet and Merlot

44
Q

Navarra produces Rose and White from which grapes

A

Rose - Garnacha ( picked early )

White - Viura, Chardonnay, SB

45
Q

What are the climates of Carinena and Calatayud. What is the most common grape and style of wine

A

Warm continental low rainfall

Garnacha. Inexpensive garnacha based wines and higher quality wines made from old vine Garnacha and Carinena

46
Q

In terms of appellation law what does Catalunya have that no other wine region in Spain has

A

A DO that covers still wine production that spans the entire region

47
Q

Describe the 3 sub regions of Penedes

A

Hottest coastal plain. Inland valleys a little cooler, further inland in the hills ( upto 800m ) it is moderate

48
Q

In addition to Cava grapes what is grown in Penedes

A

Gewurz, Cabernet, Merlot, Chardonnay, SB, Pinot Noir, Tempranillo

49
Q

Why is Priorat suited to Garnacha and Carinena

A

Priorat has long dry summers which is ideal for the late ripening grapes

50
Q

What are the best soils in Priorat. What is it made of..what properties does it have

A

llicorella. Red slate with particles of mica. Reflects and conserves heat. Retains water

51
Q

Is mechanization practiced in Priorat

A

No - steep hills and bush vines

52
Q

Describe typical Priorat wine

A

Deeply colored, tannic, med to high alcohol, black fruit, toasty french oak, liquorish

53
Q

Describe the summers and winters of RDD

A

Short hot summers very cold winters

54
Q

Where are the vineyards of RDD and how does this affect the grapes

A

At significant elevation ( 850m ) which provides cooler temps esp at night so grapes retain acid and fruit flavors

55
Q

Are whites made in RDD

A

No Red and Rose only

56
Q

What is the principle grape of RDD. Describe the wines it produces

A

Tempranillo. Dark tannic wines

57
Q

Apart from Tempranillo what other reds can be grown in RDD

A

Cabernet, Merlot, Malbec, Garnacha

58
Q

what is the climate of Toro DO

A

Similar to RDD with high daytime temps, sunny conditions and low yielding, old bush vines

59
Q

what is the primary grapes of Toro and what is the profile of the wines

A

Tempranillo. Full bodied, intense fruit and high alcohol

60
Q

In Joven wine from Toro what is generally included in the blend with Tempranillo. Describe the Reserva and Gran Reserva

A

Garnacha.

Very deeply colored and tannic when young…age well

61
Q

Where is Rueda. What style of wine does it focus on

A

Between Toro and RDD. White wine made from Verdejo

62
Q

Which other white varietal is important in Verdejo. In blends of SB and Verdejo what is the minimum of Verdejo

A

SB. 50%

63
Q

What is the climate of Rias Baixas

A

Moderate and damp

64
Q

What training method is common in Rias Baixas and why

A

Pergolas to improve air circulation to avoid fungal diseases due to the damp

65
Q

What is the most common style of wine in RB, what grape is used and what is the profile

A

Unoaked whites from Albarino. Citrus and stone fruit flavors occasionally oak is used and lees stirring

66
Q

Where is Bierzo. What style of wine is made there

A

In the Mts between Galicia and Meseta Central. Elegant reds from Mencia with high acidity abd red fruit

67
Q

What is the major city of the Levante

A

Valencia

68
Q

What are the dominant red and white grapes of DO Valencia. What additional white grape is planted and what kind of wine is it used for

A

Monastrell / Merseguera

Muscat of Alexandria for sweet fortified Moscatel de Valencia

69
Q

where is Monstrell principally grown in the Levante

A

Jumilla and Yecla

70
Q

Where does almost half Spain’s wine production come from

A

Castilla La Mancha

71
Q

What is the largest DO in Spain. What is the most widely planted grape there. What kind of wine does it produce

A

La Mancha. Airen

Neutral, simple fresh whites

72
Q

What is causing a decline in Airen plantings in La Mancha

A

Authorities trying to encourage planting of Tempranillo, and other international varieties like Cabernet, Merlot, Syrah, SB and Chardonnay

73
Q

Where are the majority of the estates that hold Vinos De Pagos

A

La Mancha

74
Q

What is Tempranillo known as in La Mancha

A

Cencibel

75
Q

What DO is immediately south of La Mancha. What can be said about the quality of the wine there

A

Valedepenas. It is better than La Mancha

76
Q

What are the principle grapes of Valedepenas

A

Tempranillo and Airen

77
Q

Describe the climate of Portugal

A

Much of Portugal is maritime due to the influence of the Atlantic however inland areas are hot and continental. Elevated regions mitigate some of the hotter temps.

78
Q

What are the 5 main wine regions of Portugal

A

Vinho Verde, Douro, Dao, Bairrida, Atletejo

79
Q

Where is Vinho Verde and what is its climate. What particular challenges does this create for wine growers

A

NW corner, moderate maritime with a lot of rainfall. Leads to damp conditions, vigorous canopy grown and disease pressure.

80
Q

What system of trellising was common in Vinho Verde and what is now more common and why

A

Pergolla to increase airflow around grapes and minimise fungal disease. More common now to see spur pruned VSP canopy management used to maximise airflow and allow for mechanisation.

81
Q

Describe classic Vinho Verde white

A

Pale lemon, high acid, low alcohol ( 8 - 11.5% ). Lower alcohol usually off dry. Wines with a quality indicator, sub region or grape variety on the label can be up to 14% abv

82
Q

What are Vinho Verde whites made from

A

Louiero, Arinto, Alvarinho

83
Q

Where is Vinho Verde Alvarinho made. How does it differ from other VV whites

A

Sub Region of Moncao e Melgaco

It has slightly more ABV ( 11.5 - 14 ) and riper more tropical aromas

84
Q

What is Portuguese for PDO. What is the more traditional term

A

Denominacao de Origem Protegida ( DOP )

Demominacao de Origem Controlada ( DOC )

85
Q

What is the Portuguese for PGI. What is the more traditional term

A

Indicicao Geografica Protegeda ( IGP )

Vinho Regional

86
Q

What are Portuguese wines without a region labelled as

A

Vinho

87
Q

Are black grapes allowed in VV. If so what are they like

A

Yes. Reds are deeply colored and tannic, Roses are fresh and fruity

88
Q

What is the oldest demarcated wine region in the world and where is it located

A

Douro 80km east of Porto and stretches from the Marao Mts to the Spanish border

89
Q

On what 5 grapes does Douro rely for production of port and unfortified wines

A 
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Tinta Roriz ( Tempranillo )
Tinta Barocca 
Tinta Cao
90
Q

Describe the red wines of Douro

A

Deeply colored, full bodied, ripe high tannin rich black fruit. Best examples show toasty new oak

91
Q

Describe the whites of Douro

A

Whites from high elevations can show fresh varietal fruit and med to high acid

92
Q

Where is Dao, what is its climate and what makes it suitable for growing grapes

A

80km South of Douro in a mountainous region. Cold wet winters and warm dry summers. Vineyards planted 200 - 400 m above sea level with large diurnal range

93
Q

What grapes are the whites of Dao made from. Describe them

A

Encruzado. Range from light and fresh to richer for barrel fermented versions

94
Q

What are the principle red grapes of Dao. What are the reds typically like

A

Touriga Nacional
Tinta Roriz
Jaen ( Mencia )
Alfrocheiro

Reds from Dao after often delicate red fruit, soft tannin and high acid. Reds made from Alfroceiro produce a deeply colored wine with aromas of blackberry and strawberry.

95
Q

Where is Bairrada and what is its climate

A

Between Dao and the Atlantic Ocean. Maritime climate with rainy winters and warm summers

96
Q

Describe the principle black grape of Bairrada and what kind of wine does it make

A

Baga is a late ripening small thick skinned grape giving deeply colored tannic wines with rich black fruit flavors

97
Q

What can be done to soften the harsh tannins of Baga

A

Pick later, gentler crushing and maceration as well as blending with other black grapes

98
Q

As well as Baga what other varietals are important in Bairrada.

A 
Touriga Nacional 
Alfroceiro
Cabernet
Merlot
Syrah
99
Q

What are the indigenous white grapes of Bairrada

A

Bical Maria Gomes

100
Q

Where is Alentejo and how many sub regions is it split into, What style of wines are produced in the Northern and Central Southern subregions

A

SE Portugal. Split into 8 subregions

Cooler and wetter N subs produce more elegant wines while the hotter central and S subs produce richer wines

101
Q

What black grapes are common in Alentejo. What is the typical red wine style

A 
Aragones
Trincadeira
Alicante Bouschet
Touriga Nacional
Syrah
Deep in colour with soft high tannin, full body with rich expressive fruit
102
Q

What are the white grapes of Alentejo. What style of wine do they produce

A

Antao Vaz
Roupeiro
Fruity and floral with med to high acid

103
Q

What is the largest regional wine appellation in Portugal

A

Vinho Regional Alentejano based around Alentejo DOC but covering a far wider area.

104
Q

Apart from Alentejano what are other areas important for Vinho regional wines

A

Lisboa
Peninsula de Setubal
Tejo

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