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Tyskland NOTES > VFR MET > Flashcards

VFR MET Flashcards

1
Q

1 QNH = 1012 hPa, FE = 510 ft, calculate the QFE and the QNE.

A

QFE = 995 hPa

QNE = 540 ft

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2
Q

2 QFE = 997 hPa, FE = 720 ft, calculate the QNH and the pressure altitude.

A 
QNH = 1021 hPa
PA = 480 ft
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3
Q

3 QNH = 1009 hPa, FE = 200 ft. Calculate the altitude and the height of FL075.

A

Height = 7180ft

Altitude = 7380ft

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4
Q

4 QNH = 1020 hPa, FE = 180 ft. Calculate the altitude and the height of FL060.

A

Altitude = 6210 ft

Height = 6030 ft

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5
Q

5 QNH is 1018 hPa. What does the altimeter indicate at FL060 after the setting has been changed to QNH?

A

6150 ft

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6
Q

6 Field elevation = 250 ft, QNH = 1001 hPa; the pilot (on the runway) has set 1007 hPa to the altimeter. What is the reading of the pressure altimeter?

A

430 ft

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7
Q

7 Field elevation = 900 ft, QNH = 1015 hPa; a helicopter has landed with the correct altimeter setting. During night the pressure rises by 4 hPa. What does the altimeter indicate the next morning?

A

780ft

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8
Q

(Very good question) 8 List the general features of a low in the northern hemisphere.

A

Air pressure is lower than in its surrounding

Wind blows counter-clockwise around the center

Air ascends and is cooled according to dry and moist adiabatic lapse rates

Clouds form

Bad weather (precipitation)

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9
Q

9 List the general features of an anticyclone in the northern hemisphere.

A

Air pressure is higher than in its surroundings

Wind blows clockwise

Air descends and is warmed according to the dry adiabatic lapse rate

Clouds dissipate

Fine weather

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10
Q

10 Determine the vertical movement and the effect on the wind speed at a surface convergence.

A

Rising air, wind speed increase

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11
Q

11 Determine the vertical movement and the effect on the wind speed at a surface divergence.

A

Sinking air, wind speed decreases

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12
Q

12 Which change of wind speed and which vertical motion can you expect on the surface weather map below at positions a and at b?

A

A) Wind speed increase, rising air

B) Wind speed decreases, sinking air

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13
Q

(Very good question) 13. Which pressure systems exist at 60°N, at the equator, at the North Pole, and at 30°N?

A

Low pressure = At the equator and at 60°N

High pressure = At 30°N and at the north pole

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14
Q

14 Determine the prevailing wind direction between

a. equator and 30N°.
b. 30°N and 60°N.
c. 60°N and the North Pole.

A

A) NE

B) SW

C) NE

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15
Q

(Very good question) 15 Which cloud type can you expect

a. in an unstable maritime polar airflow?
b. in a stable maritime tropical airflow?

A

a) Cumuliform clouds
b) Stratiform clouds

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16
Q

16 Define

a. warm front and
b. cold front.

A

a) Warm air replacing cold air - Leading edge of a warm air mass.
b) Cold air replacing warm air - Leading edge of a cold air mass.

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17
Q

17 A typical warm front is approaching. Which cloud type and which precipitation type can be expected, until the front passes.

A

Stratiform clouds.

Continous precipitation.

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18
Q

18 A warm front approaches. Describe the development of visibility, ceiling and air pressure until the front reaches your place.

A

Visibility Deteriorates

Ceiling Lowers

Pressure Falls

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19
Q

19 Which turbulence and aircraft icing in clouds can you expect at a typical warm front and how does the air temperature change at the frontal passage?

A

Light turbulence

Rime ice

Rising temperature

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20
Q

(Very good question) 20 Which particular conditions do you expect at a warm front with exceptional unstable conditions?

A

TCU and CB with showers and thunderstorms are embedded within stratiform clouds.

(Page 11)

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21
Q

21 Where within a low is the warm sector situated and which air mass contacts the ground within the warm sector?

A

Between the warm front and cold front. The warm air mass contacts the ground.

Page 11

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22
Q

22 Which amount of clouds, precipitation and visibility do you expect in the warm sector?

A

BKN (Broken) clouds

Temporary precipitation

MOD (Moderate) visibility

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23
Q

*23 Which type of stability do you expect at cold front type I and which at cold front type II?

A

Stability cold front type I: Unstable

Stability cold front type II: Stable

Page 12-13

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24
Q

24 Which turbulence, temperature change and pressure change can you expect at a cold front type I?

A

MOD-SEV Turbulence

Falling temp

Rising pressure with frontal passage and behind

Page 12

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25
Q

*25 Which clouds, visibility, weather phenomena and aircraft icing do you expect at the passage of a cold front type I?

A

CU, TCU, CB

Poor visibility in precipitation, outside good

Showers, Hail, Thunderstorms

Clear ice

Page 12

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26
Q

26 Which clouds, visibility, weather phenomena and aircraft icing do you expect at cold front type II?

A

Mainly NS, AS

Poor visibility

Continous precipitation

Mixed and Rime ice

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27
Q

27 What is the name of the area behind a cold front and which conditions (regarding precipitation, cloud type, aircraft icing, turbulence, visibility) can you expect?

A

Rearside

Isolated Showers

Cumuliform (CU, CTU, CB)

Clear ice

MOD turbulence

Exelent visibility (outside precipitation)

Page 14

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28
Q

(Very good question) 28 Explain the formation of an occlusion.

A

Occurs when coldfront overtakes warmfront and the warm air mass is lifted of the ground.

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29
Q

29 Which weather conditions do you expect at an occlusion?

A

Mixed warm front and cold front conditions. Usually extremely bad weather.

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30
Q

*30 Where do you normally expect a squall line?

A

In the warm sector, ahead of and parallel to the cold front.

Page 17

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31
Q

31 Which cloud type, weather phenomena and wind do you expect along a squall line, a line of instability, a trough line?

A

Cumiliform clouds.

Showers, hail or thunderstorms.

Gusty wind.

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32
Q

32 A typical low approaches Germany. List the correct sequence at which cold front, rear side, warm front and warm sector will cross Germany.

A

Warm front - Warm sector - Cold front - Rear side

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33
Q

33 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type I and a normal warm front is shown.

a. Name the areas within which point A and point C are situated.
b. Which pressure change can you expect at A, B, C, and E?

A

A) Point A: Rear side, Point C: Warm sector

B) A = Rising pressure, B = Rising pressure, C = Same pressure, D = Falling pressure

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34
Q

34 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type I and a normal warm front is shown.

a. Determine the type of stability at A, B, and E.
b. Which temperature change can you expect at A, B, C and D?

A

a) A: Unstable, B: Unstable, E: Stable
b) A: Falling, B: Falling, C: No change, D: Rising

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35
Q

35 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type II and a warm front with unstable air is shown.

a. At which of points (A, B, C) can you expect CB/TCU?
b. At which of points (A, B, C) can you expect NS?

A

a) C
b) A and C

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36
Q

36 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type I and a normal warm front is shown. Point A reports a visibility of 9 km and cirrostratus with a base at 20,000 ft. Which development of visibility and ceiling, which clouds and weather phenomena do you expect at point A before the front passes?

A

Visibility deteriorates

Ceiling lowers

AS, NS ST

Continuous precipitation

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37
Q

37 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type I and a normal warm front is shown.

a. List the clouds and weather phenomena at point B.
b. At which of the given points do you expect the strongest turbulence?

A

a) Clouds: CU, TCU, CB, Weather phenomena: Showers, hail and thunderstorms
b) B

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38
Q

38 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type I and a normal warm front is shown.

a. Which aircraft icing can you expect in clouds above freezing level at points A, B and D?
b. The wind at point C is 250° 16 kt. To which direction will the wind shift and what happens with the speed during frontal passage at point B?

A

a) A: Clear, B: Clear, D: Rime
b) Shift to W-NW (270-290), wind speed increases

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39
Q

*39 There is moderate icing. What happens to thrust and lift, drag and weight of an aircraft?

A

Thrust and lift is reduced.

Drag and weight increase.

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40
Q

*40 What is the special effect of aircraft icing on

a. rotors and engines?
b. moveable parts of an aircraft?

A

a) Vibrations and damages to rotors and engines
b) Can make moving parts inoperable

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41
Q

41 State the temperature range, at which icing in clouds usually occurs.

A

0 to -20°C

42
Q

*42 Within which kind of clouds do you expect severe icing?

A

In young TCU

Cumiliform at fronts and in CB

Upsloping clouds at windward side of mountains

43
Q

(Very good question) 43 Which type of ice can you expect

a. in CU at -5°C
b. in TCU at -15°C
c. in AS at -11°C
d. in FZRA
e. in NS at -25°C?

A

a) Clear
b) Rime
c) Rime
d) Clear
e) No ice or traces

44
Q

(Very good question) 44 Which type of ice can you expect

a. in CB at -8°C
b. in AC at -15°C
c. in CS at -30°C
d. in +FZDZ
e. in NS at -5°C?

A

a) Clear
b) Rime
c) No ice
d) Clear
e) Rime

45
Q

45 Explain frost.

A

Ice crystals which form due to sublimation.

46
Q

46 There are clouds at 8,000 ft GND causing precipitation. The air temperature near surface is negative; between 1000 ft GND and 2000 ft GND a layer of positive air temperature is situated. Which hazard can be expected during final approach?

A

FZRA

47
Q

47 The temperature near surface is -4 °C, aloft is overcast AS out of which rain falls. Which hazard can you expect near surface?

A

FZRA

48
Q

48 At which position is freezing precipitation most likely? The picture shows a typical frontal system during winter.

A

D

49
Q

49 What is necessary for the formation of a thunderstorm?

A

Unstable atmosphere

High moisture content in the air

Lifting action

50
Q

50 ETHC reports TSRA and an obscured sky. Which cloud is present?

A

CB

51
Q

*51 Where do

a. air mass thunderstorms occur?
b. frontal thunderstorms occur?

A

a) Isolated within airmasses
b) Along fronts

52
Q

*52 Which type of air mass thunderstorm is caused

a. by thermal lifting or a converging airflow?
b. by mechanical lifting over mountains?

A

a) Convective TS
b) Orographic TS

53
Q

*53 List 8 thunderstorm hazards.

A

Lightning

Hail

Gusty surface wind

Severe turbulence

Severe icing

Rapid reduction of visibility

Lowering ceiling

Altimeter errors

Radar/Radio disturbances

Aquaplaning on RWYs and taxiways

Downburst / microburst

54
Q

*54 It is a sunny day in June; the atmosphere is moist and unstable. Which hazard may develop during the afternoon?

A

Convective TS

55
Q

55 There is a moist and unstable westerly airflow. Which hazard can you expect over the Black Forest?

A

Orographic TS

56
Q

56 When penetrating a thunderstorm, within which levels is encountered:

a. the greatest risk of icing?
b. the greatest risk of lightning strokes?

A

a) Between freezing level and -10°C
b) Freezing level +/- 5000ft

57
Q

57 Why is hail a weather hazard?

A

It causes damage.

Reduces visibilty

Can make safe ground operations impossible

58
Q

58 In which cloud is hail likely?

A

CB

59
Q

59 What is the cause of

a. convective turbulence?
b. mechanical turbulence?

A

a) Heating from below
b) Strong winds above obstacles. Strong winds near the ground.

60
Q

60 During a summer afternoon the wind at ETSB is calm, the air temperature is +28°C, a light aircraft is at final approach. Which hazard can you expect?

A

Convective turbulence/Thermal turbulence

61
Q

61 The wind at ETSA is 250° 20 kt, gusts 34 kt. Which hazard can you expect during a low-level flight?

A

Mechanical turbulence/Dynamic turbulence

62
Q

62 Which hazard can you expect in a strong, dry and stable westerly airflow over the Harz mountains?

A

Mechanical turbulence/Dynamic turbulence

mountain waves

63
Q

63 Over the Alps a wind of 190°80 kt, gusts 102 kt is blowing. Within which area can you expect severe turbulence?

A
  • Above the alps
  • North of the alps)
64
Q

64 At which side of a mountain can mountain waves be expected and what hazard is associated with a mountain wave?

A

Lea side. (Downstream) And above mountain

Severe turbulence.

65
Q

65 What is wind shear, where does it occur and which hazard does it create?

A

Sudden change of wind direction and/or wind speed.

Occurs at fronts and inversions.

Causes turbulence.

66
Q

66 The following table shows upper winds:

FL080 200°20 kt; FL085 210°25 kt; FL090 280°38 kt

Which phenomenon can you expect between FL085 and FL090?

A

Wind shear

67
Q

67 The following table shows upper winds. Between which levels can you expect a wind shear?

1000 ft GND 090° 10KT, 1500 ft GND 100° 9KT,

2000 ft GND 230° 10KT, 3000 ft GND 230° 11 KT.

A

1500ft - 2000ft GND

68
Q

68 At a clear sky an ascending aircraft passes a well defined inversion at 1200 ft GND. Which phenomenon is likely at the inversion?

A

Wind shear

69
Q

69 A helicopter crosses a cold front below clouds in VMC; there is no hail and no thunderstorm. Which phenomenon is likely during the frontal passage?

A

Wind shear

70
Q

70 What is a microburst and where can you expect a microburst?

A

Strong down draft below and in vicinity of a TS.

71
Q

71 An Airbus A320 approaches ETNL. 2 km in its rear an EC 135 crosses its flight path. Which phenomenon is likely?

A

Wake turbulence.

72
Q

*72 Explain the formation of radiation fog.

A

Forms during calm and clear nights, when the surface is cooled by radiation and the air above is cooled by contact until condensation occurs.

73
Q

73 The following information is issued at 2020Z:

ETHC 222020Z 09003KT 8000 FEW090 04/01 Q1001 BLU+=

ETHB 222020Z 08012KT 4300 BR OVC010 04/02 Q1002 GRN=

At which airbase is the development of radiation fog most likely?

A

ETHC

74
Q

74 The following conditions are reported by ETNW:

at 2020Z: wind variable 2 kt, visibility 5 km, scattered Cirrus, temperature 10°C, dew point 4°C.

at 2120Z: wind 200° 2 kt, visibility 1.5 km, BR, sky clear, temperature 6°C, dew point 4°C.

What weather phenomenon is likely during the next hours?

A

Radiation fog.

75
Q

75 Explain the formation of advection fog.

A

Forms when moist air moves over a colder surface and is cooled by contact until condensation occurs.

76
Q

76 Air (temperature 4°C, dew point 1°C) moves over a frozen lake. Which weather phenomenon can you expect to develop?

A

Advection fog

77
Q

77 Explain the formation of upslope fog.

A

Forms when moist air moves up sloping terrain and is cooled adiabatically until condensation occurs.

78
Q

78 There is a moist and stable NW-ly airflow over S-Germany. At which place can you expect upslope fog:

A

Meßtetten

79
Q

79 Stuttgart (field elevation 1300 ft) reports the following data: wind 350°20 kt, temperature/dew point: M04°C/M07°C; the atmosphere is stable. Can you expect upslope fog at the northern side of the Schwäbische Alb (elevation 2800 ft MSL), and if so, at/above which elevation?

A

Yes, above 2500 ft.

(Fieldelevation + Spread x 400ft)

80
Q

80 Explain the formation of frontal fog and where is it most likely?

A

Result of moist added to air until condensation occurs. Ahead of approaching warm front.

81
Q

81 The cross section shows a typical low crossing Germany from West. At which of the given places is frontal fog most likely?

A

EDDM

82
Q

82 Explain evaporation fog.

A

Moisture added from underlying warm water to cold and stable air until condensation occurs.

83
Q

83 The water of a river has a temperature of +1°C. The temperature of the resting air above is -10°C, the dew point is -12°C. Which type of fog is likely to develop?

A

Evapouration fog

84
Q

84 Name the seasons with the greatest bird migration?

A

Fall and spring

85
Q

*85 Under which circumstances a Bw helicopter pilot has to submit a PIREP to the appropriate ATC unit?

A
  • When weather conditions differs considerably.
  • When unusual conditions are encountered.
  • In case of a missed approach due to poor meteorological conditions.
86
Q

86 Define isobars.

A

Lines connecting places of same air pressure

87
Q

87 Which is the unicolor symbol for an occlusion in a surface analysis chart?

A

[Purple line with half circles and triangles]

88
Q

88 Attached you find a surface forecast chart for tomorrow 1200z. Any fronts will show usual character.

a: Which wind direction and speed (light, moderate, strong), which cloud type and which precipitation type do you expect at point A tomorrow between 1200 and 1400z?
b: Which weather development do you expect at point B tomorrow during the day and during the following night?

A

A) Wind direction 220 (SW), strong winds, stratiform clouds, continuous precipitation

B) Fine day, clear night with risk of mist/fog forming during the night.

89
Q

89 For which corridor width, given in the route forecast DB-518, the forecast is normally valid?

A

Along the planned route and +10 km on each side of route (right+left)

90
Q

90 Which is the forecast period of the route forecast DB-518.

A

Planned T/O until 1h after planned LDG.

91
Q

91 Which two basic parts are required in the weather forecast?

A

Written documentation.

Oral advice by contact to forecaster

92
Q

(Very good question) 92 Explain the expression “void after” in the weather forecast process.

A

Time until when T/O must have taken place.

Otherwise forecast is invalid.

Valid max 3h after the issue time (time of oral briefing) unless extended.

Can be extended max 2h.

93
Q

93 Explain the expression “weather check” in the weather forecast process.

A

In case of uncertainty in the weather development the forecaster may determine a weather check at a certain forecast office and/or until a certain time.

94
Q

*94 Explain the expression “recommended route for VFR flights” in the weather forecast process.

A

For VFR-flights: For the case, that expected weather conditions on a planned route (or parts of it) will be below admissible minima, the forecaster will consider to recommend a route, on which the minima are not undercut. The recommended route is documented in the forecast.

95
Q

95 Under which circumstance the weather forecaster records sunrise or sunset and/or civil twilight times into the route forecast DB-518?

A

If the estimated T/O and LDG time is within +/-1h of this data.

96
Q

(Very good question) 96 Explain the expression “ISOL” in the weather forecast process.

A

Affected portion

ISOL <= 10%

97
Q

(Very good question) 97 Explain the expression “LOC” in the weather forecast process.

A

Affected portion:

10% < LOC <=25%

98
Q

(Very good question) 98 Explain the expression “FRQ” in the weather forecast process.

A

Affected portion:

25% < FRQ < 50%

99
Q

99 Explain the difference between solid and dotted lines used in the area weather.

A

Solid lines = boundary between different prevailing conditions

Dotted lines = boudary between different minimum conditions

100
Q

100 Explain the following entry in the area weather:

A

Hills above 2000ft MSL OBSC/in clouds

101
Q

101 Explain the following entry in the area weather:

A

Valleys below 2000ft AMSL LOC OBSC/in clouds

Tyskland NOTES (18 decks)

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