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Tyskland NOTES > IFR MET > Flashcards

IFR MET Flashcards

1
Q

1 QNH = 1012 hPa, FE = 510 ft, calculate the QFE and the QNE.

A

QFE = 995hPa

QNE = 540ft

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2
Q

2 QFE = 997 hPa, FE = 720 ft, calculate the QNH and the pressure altitude.

A

QNH = 1021 hPa

QNE (Pressure altitude) = 480ft

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3
Q

XX 3. QNH = 1009 hPa, FE = 200 ft. Calculate the altitude and the height of FL075.

A

ALT: 7380ft

Height: 7180ft

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4
Q

4 QNH = 1020 hPa, FE = 180 ft. Calculate the altitude and the height of FL060.

A

ALT: 6210ft

Height: 6030ft

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5
Q

(very nice question) 5. QNH is 1018 hPa. What does the altimeter indicate at FL060 after the setting has been changed to QNH?

A

6150ft

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6
Q

6 Field elevation = 250 ft, QNH = 1001 hPa; the pilot (on the runway) has set 1007 hPa to the altimeter. What is the reading of the pressure altimeter?

A

430ft

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7
Q

7 Field elevation = 900 ft, QNH = 1015 hPa; a helicopter has landed with the correct altimeter setting. During night the pressure rises by 4 hPa. What does the altimeter indicate the next morning?

A

780ft

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8
Q
  1. QNH = 1000 hPa, elevation of a mountain = 3500 ft.

Calculate the transition level.

A

TL: FL070

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9
Q

XX 9. Temperature at FL080 = -06°C (the temperature difference to ISA is constant at all levels), QNH = 1002 hPa. Calculate the true altitude of FL080.

A

T.ALT: 7516,6ft

(T.ALT = ALT + ALT x 0,004 x TempDiffISA)

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10
Q

(very nice question) 10 List the general features of a low in the northern hemisphere.

A

Air pressure is lower than in its surrounding

Wind blows counter-clockwise around the center of the low.

Air ascends and is cooled according to dry and moist adiabatic lapse rates

Clouds form

Bad weather (precipitation)

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11
Q

11 List the general features of an anticyclone in the northern hemisphere.

A

Air pressure is higher than in its surroundings

Wind blows clockwise around its center

Air descends and is warmed according to the dry adiabatic lapse rate

Clouds dissipate

Fine weather

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12
Q

(very nice question) 12. Which forces produce the geostrophic wind?

A

PGF - Pressure Gradient Force

CF - Coriolis Force

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13
Q
  1. Which forces produce the gradient wind?
A

PGF - Pressure Gradient Force

CF - Coriolis Force

ZF - Zentrifugal Force

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14
Q
  1. What is the effect of the surface friction on the wind?
A

It reduces wind speed and deflects the wind towards the low pressure.

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15
Q

15 Determine the vertical movement and the effect on the wind speed at a surface convergence.

A

Air is rising, wind speed increase

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16
Q

16 Determine the vertical movement and the effect on the wind speed at a surface divergence.

A

Air subsides, wind speed decreases

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17
Q

17 Which change of wind speed and which vertical motion can you expect on the surface weather map below at positions a and at b?

A

A) Wind speed increase, air is lifted (it rises)

B) Wind speed decreases, air subsides

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18
Q

BA 18. Define gusts

A

Wind increase of at least 10kt above average wind during the last 10 minutes.

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19
Q
  1. An aircraft flies against the wind. Where is the position of the low?
A

On the right side of the A/C.

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20
Q
  1. An aircraft enroute from ETSL to ETNW drifts to the right. Where is the position of the low?
A

Ahead of the aircraft.

(Wind from the low is blowing from the left/CCW arround the low)

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21
Q

BA.21. A low is situated over Denmark and a high over the Alps, the isobars over Germany are closely spaced. Estimate the wind over Germany.

A

Strong westerly wind

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22
Q
  1. An aircraft is flying with a strong headwind. Explain the effects on this flight concerning time enroute, fuel consumption and range.
A

Longer time enroute

Higher fuel consumption

Shorter range

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23
Q

BA 23. During which time of the day does the land breeze blow and which is the direction of it?

A

At night

From land to sea.

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24
Q

BA 24. During which time of the day can you expect the mountain wind?

A

At night.

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25
Q

25 Define

a. warm front and
b. cold front.

A

a) Warm air replacing cold air - Leading edge of a warm advancing air mass.
b) Cold air replacing warm air - Leading edge of a cold advancing air mass.

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26
Q

26 A typical warm front is approaching. Which cloud type and which precipitation type can be expected, until the front passes.

A

Stratiform clouds.

Continous precipitation.

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27
Q

27 A warm front approaches. Describe the development of visibility, ceiling and air pressure until the front reaches your place.

A

Visibility Deteriorates

Ceiling Lowers

Pressure Falls

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28
Q

28 Which turbulence and aircraft icing in clouds can you expect at a typical warm front and how does the air temperature change at the frontal passage?

A

Light turbulence

Rime ice

Rising temperature

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29
Q

(very nice question) 29. Which particular conditions do you expect at a warm front with exceptional unstable conditions?

A

Cumiliform clouds (CU, TCU, CB) and showers embedded within stratiform clouds.

(Page 11)

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30
Q

30 Where within a low is the warm sector situated and which air mass contacts the ground within the warm sector?

A

Between the warm front and cold front. The warm air mass contacts the ground.

Page 11

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31
Q

31 Which amount of clouds, precipitation and visibility do you expect in the warm sector?

A

BKN (Broken) clouds

Temporary precipitation

MOD (Moderate) visibility

32
Q

(very nice question) 32 Which type of stability do you expect at cold front type I and which at cold front type II?

A

Stability cold front type I: Unstable

Stability cold front type II: Stable

Page 12-13

33
Q

33 Which turbulence, temperature change and pressure change can you expect at a cold front type I?

A

MOD-SEV Turbulence

Falling temp

Rising pressure with frontal passage and behind

Page 12

34
Q

(very nice question) 34 Which clouds, visibility, weather phenomena and aircraft icing do you expect at the passage of a cold front type I?

A

CU, TCU, CB

Poor visibility in precipitation, outside good

Showers, Hail, Thunderstorms

Clear ice

Page 12

35
Q

(very nice question) 35 Which clouds, visibility, weather phenomena and aircraft icing do you expect at cold front type II?

A

Mainly NS, AS

Poor visibility

Continous precipitation

Mixed and Rime ice

36
Q

36 What is the name of the area behind a cold front and which conditions (regarding precipitation, cloud type, aircraft icing, turbulence, visibility) can you expect?

A

Rearside

Isolated Showers

Cumiliform (CU, CTU, CB)

Clear ice

MOD turbulence

Exelent visibility (outside precipitation)

Page 14

37
Q

(very nice question) 37 Explain the formation of an occlusion.

A

Occurs when coldfront overtakes warmfront and the warm air mass is lifted of the ground.

38
Q

38 Which weather conditions do you expect at an occlusion?

A

Mixed warm front and cold front conditions. Usually extremely bad weather.

39
Q

39 Where do you normally expect a squall line?

A

In the warm sector, ahead of and parallel to the cold front.

Page 17

40
Q

40 Which cloud type, weather phenomena and wind do you expect along a squall line, a line of instability, a trough line?

A

Cumiliform clouds.

Showers, hail or thunderstorms.

Gusty wind.

41
Q

41 A typical low approaches Germany. List the correct sequence at which cold front, rear side, warm front and warm sector will cross Germany.

A

Warm front - Warm sector - Cold front - Rear side

42
Q

42 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type I and a normal warm front is shown.

a. Name the areas within which point A and point C are situated.
b. Which pressure change can you expect at A, B, C, and E?

A

A) Point A: Rear side, Point C: Warm sector

B) A = Rising pressure, B = Rising pressure, C = No change, D = Falling pressure

43
Q

43 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type I and a normal warm front is shown.

a. Determine the type of stability at A, B, and E.
b. Which temperature change can you expect at A, B, C and D?

A

a) A: Unstable, B: Unstable, E: Stable
b) A: Falling, B: Falling, C: No change, D: Rising

44
Q

44 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type II and a warm front with unstable air is shown.

a. At which of points (A, B, C) can you expect CB/TCU?
b. At which of points (A, B, C) can you expect NS?

A

a) C
b) A and C

45
Q

45 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type I and a normal warm front is shown. Point A reports a visibility of 9 km and cirrostratus with a base at 20,000 ft. Which development of visibility and ceiling, which clouds and weather phenomena do you expect at point A before the front passes?

A

Visibility deteriorates

Ceiling lowers

AS, NS, ST

Continuous precipitation

46
Q

46 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type I and a normal warm front is shown.

a. List the clouds and weather phenomena at point B.
b. At which of the given points do you expect the strongest turbulence?

A

a) Clouds: CU, TCU, CB, Weather phenomena: Showers, hail and thunderstorms
b) B

47
Q

47 Below the vertical cross section of a typical low with a cold front type I and a normal warm front is shown.

a. Which aircraft icing can you expect in clouds above freezing level at points A, B and D?
b. The wind at point C is 250° 16 kt. To which direction will the wind shift and what happens with the speed during frontal passage at point B?

A

a) A: Clear, B: Clear, D: Rime
b) Shift to WNW (270-290), wind speed increases

48
Q
  1. Which precipitation type do you expect
    a. below the centre of a cold air drop?
    b. rear of a cold air drop?
A

a) SHOWERS
b) Continous precipitation

49
Q

49 State the temperature range, at which icing in clouds usually occurs.

A

0 to -20°C

50
Q

50 Within which kind of clouds do you expect severe icing?

A

In young TCU

Cumiliform at fronts

In CB

Upsloping clouds at windward side of mountains

(4points)

51
Q

(very nice question) 51. Which type of ice can you expect

a. in CU at -5°C
b. in TCU at -15°C
c. in AS at -11°C
d. in FZRA e. in NS at -25°C?
e. in NS at -25°C?

A

a) Clear
b) Rime
c) Rime
d) Clear
e) No ice or traces

52
Q

52 Which type of ice can you expect

a. in CB at -8°C
b. in AC at -15°C
c. in CS at -30°C
d. in +FZDZ
e. in NS at -5°C?

A

a) Clear
b) Rime
c) No ice
d) Clear (always in FZDZ)
e) Rime

53
Q

53 Explain frost.

A

Ice crystals which form due to sublimation.

54
Q

54 There are clouds at 8,000 ft GND causing precipitation. The air temperature near surface is negative; between 1000 ft GND and 2000 ft GND a layer of positive air temperature is situated. Which hazard can be expected during final approach?

A

FZRA

55
Q

55 The temperature near surface is -4 °C, aloft is overcast AS out of which rain falls. Which hazard can you expect near surface?

A

FZRA

56
Q

(very nice question) 56 At which position is freezing precipitation most likely? The picture shows a typical frontal system during winter.

A

D

57
Q

57 What is necessary for the formation of a thunderstorm?

A

Unstable atmosphere

High moisture content of the air

Lifting action

58
Q

58 ETHC reports TSRA and an obscured sky. Which cloud is present?

A

CB

59
Q

(very nice question) 59 Where do

a. air mass thunderstorms occur?
b. frontal thunderstorms occur?

A

a) Isolated within airmasses
b) Along fronts

60
Q

(very nice question) 60 Which type of air mass thunderstorm is caused

a. by thermal lifting or a converging airflow?
b. by mechanical lifting over mountains?

A

a) Convective TS
b) Orographic TS

61
Q

(very nice question) 61 List 8 thunderstorm hazards.

A

Lightning

Hail

Gusty surface wind

Severe turbulence

Severe icing

Rapid reduction of visibility

Lowering ceiling

Altimeter errors

Radar/Radio disturbances

Aquaplaning on RWYs and taxiways

Microburst

62
Q

(very nice question) 62 It is a sunny day in June; the atmosphere is moist and unstable. Which hazard may develop during the afternoon?

A

Convective TS (thermal lifting)

63
Q

63 There is a moist and unstable westerly airflow. Which hazard can you expect over the Black Forest?

A

Orographic TS (mechanical lifting)

64
Q

64 When penetrating a thunderstorm, within which levels is encountered:

a. the greatest risk of icing?
b. the greatest risk of lightning strokes?

A

a) Between freezing level and -10°C
b) Freezing level +/- 5000ft

65
Q

65 What is the cause of

a. convective turbulence?
b. mechanical turbulence?

A

a) Heating from below
b) Wind above obstacles. Strong winds near the ground.

66
Q

66 During a summer afternoon the wind at ETSB is calm, the air temperature is +28°C, a light aircraft is at final approach. Which hazard can you expect?

A

Convective turbulence/Thermal turbulence

67
Q

67 The wind at ETSA is 250° 20 kt, gusts 34 kt. Which hazard can you expect during a low-level flight?

A

Mechanical turbulence/Dynamic turbulence

68
Q

68 Which hazard can you expect in a strong, dry and stable westerly airflow over the Harz mountains?

A

Mechanical turbulence/Dynamic turbulence

69
Q

69 Over the Alps a wind of 190°80 kt, gusts 102 kt is blowing. Within which area can you expect severe turbulence?

A

Above the alps + North of the alps)

70
Q

70 Where do you expect mountain waves and which hazard is associated with mountain waves?

A

Downstream and above mountain

Severe turbulence.

71
Q

71 What is wind shear, where does it occur and which hazard does it create?

A

Sudden change of wind direction and/or wind speed.

Occurs at fronts and inversions.

Causes turbulence.

72
Q

72 The following table shows upper winds:

FL080 200°20 kt; FL085 210°25 kt; FL090 280°38 kt

Which phenomenon can you expect between FL085 and FL090?

A

Wind shear

73
Q

(very nice question) 73 The following table shows upper winds. Between which levels can you expect a wind shear?

1000 ft GND 090° 10KT, 1500 ft GND 100° 9KT,

2000 ft GND 230° 10KT, 3000 ft GND 230° 11 KT.

A

1500ft - 2000ft GND

74
Q

74 At a clear sky an ascending aircraft passes a well defined inversion at 1200 ft GND. Which phenomenon is likely at the inversion?

A

Wind shear

75
Q

75 A helicopter crosses a cold front below clouds in VMC; there is no hail and no thunderstorm. Which phenomenon is likely during the frontal passage?

A

Wind shear

76
Q

76 What is a microburst and where can you expect a microburst?

A

Strong down draft below and in vicinity of a TS.

77
Q

CALCULATION-PAPER (nice question)

For a given airfield the QFE is 980 hPa and the QNH is 1000hPa. What is the approximate elevation of the airfield?

A

FE = 600 ft

Tyskland NOTES (24 decks)

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