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Tyskland NOTES > Meteorology > Flashcards

Meteorology Flashcards

1
Q

001 Which are the gases of pure dry air and what is the percentage of those gases?

A
  • 78 % nitrogen - 21 % oxygen - 1 % noble gases
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2
Q

002 In the picture below layers of the atmosphere are shown. Enter the correct names and upper limits (in km).

A
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3
Q

003

Within which layer is nearly all weather concentrated and what is the name of its upper limit?

A

The troposphere.

Upper limit = Tropopause @ 11km

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4
Q

004 List the values of the ISA:

humidity:

air pressure at MSL:

air density at MSL:

air temperature at MSL:

vertical position of the tropopause:

temperature at the tropopause:

air pressure at the tropopause:

temperature gradient below the tropopause: -

temperature gradient above the tropopause up to 20 km:

A

humidity: 0 %

air pressure at MSL: 1013,25 hPa (also 29,92 INS)

air density at MSL: 1,225 kg/m3

air temperature at MSL: 15° C

vertical position of the tropopause: 36.000 ft MSL

temperature at the tropopause: -56,5° C

air pressure at the tropopause: 226 hPa

temperature gradient below the tropopause: -2° C/1000 ft

temperature gradient above the tropopause up to 20 km: 0° C/1000 ft

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5
Q

005 What is the temperature in the ISA at

a. 5,000 ft MSL?
b. 7,000 ft MSL?
c. 10,000 ft MSL?
d. 11,000 ft MSL?

A

a. 15 – 10 = 5° C
b. 15 - 14 = 1° C
c. 15 – 20 = -5° C
d. 15 – 22 = -7° C

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6
Q

006 Define QFE

A

Airpressure @ FE (field elevation) reported in hPa.

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7
Q

007 Define QNH.

A

QFE reduced to MSL according to ISA, reported in hPa.

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8
Q

008 Define QNE.

A

Vertical distance between QFE and standard pressure level 1013 hPa, expressed in ft.

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9
Q

009 Enter the terms QFE, QNH, and 1013 hPa into the correct place:

A
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10
Q

010 QFE = 1000 hPa field elevation = 1410 ft. Calculate QNH and QNE.

A

QNH = QFE + (FE/30)

-> QNH = 1000 + (1410/30) = 1000 + 47 = 1047 hPa

QNE = (1013-QFE) x 30

-> QNE = (1013-1000) x 30 = 13 x 30 = 390ft

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11
Q

011 QNH = 1,027 hPa field elevation = 2370 ft. Calculate QFE and QNE.

A

QFE = QNH - (FE/30)

-> QFE = 1027 - (2370/30) = 1027 - 79 = 948hPa

QNE = (1013-QFE) x 30

-> QNE = (1013-948) x 30 = 1950ft

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12
Q

012

Enter QFE, QNH, pressure altitude and field elevation into the correct place:

A
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13
Q

013 Enter QFE, QNH and pressure level 1013 into the correct place:

A
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14
Q

014 What is measured by a pressure altimeter and which vertical distance is generally indicated?

A

The airpressure @ aircraft location.

Vertical distance above the altimeter setting according to ISA.

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15
Q

015 Altimeter setting is 1,013 hPa; QNH is 1,000 hPa. What is your conclusion as to the indicated vertical position of the aircraft?

A

Aircraft is lower (closer to ground) than indicated.

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16
Q

016 QNH and altimeter setting are 1,013 hPa; the air is colder than ISA. Explain the effect on the altimeter reading.

A

You will be lower (closer to ground) than indicated position.

(Because colder air -> Higher density)

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17
Q

017 Within which airspace is the QNH setting applied and which QNH is set to the altimeter subscale?

A

At or below 5000ft MSL or 2000ft AGL.

QNH from nearest controlled aerodrome.

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18
Q

018 Fill in the proper terms or values:

A
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19
Q

019 Fill in proper terms or values:

A
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20
Q

!!020 An aircraft is enroute from ETSL to ETNW according to the flight level system. QNH at ETSL = 1022 hPa, QNH at ETNW = 1018 hPa.
How does the true altitude of the aircraft change during flight?

A

True altitude decreases.

Flying from high to low - look down below!

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21
Q

021 Fill in the proper terms or values (setting and reading).

A
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22
Q

022 QNH = 1,023 hPa, FE = 500 ft. Calculate the altitude and the height of FL100.

A

Altitude = FL + (QNH-1013) x 30

-> Altitude = 10 000ft + (1023-1013) x 30 = 10 300ft

Height = Altitude - FE

-> Height = 10 300ft - 500ft = 9800ft

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23
Q

!!023 QNH = 1,000 hPa, FE = 1,000 ft. Calculate the altitude and the height of FL070.

A

Altitude = FL + (QNH - 1013) x 30

-> Altitude = FL + (1000 - 1013) x 30 = 7000 ft + (-13 x 30) = 7000 -390 = 6610ft

Height = Altitude - FE

-> Height = 6610ft - 1000ft = 5610ft

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24
Q

024 Enter the correct terms:

a. heat transfer through wave propagation =
b. molecule-to-molecule transmission of heat =
c. horizontal transport of warm or cold air =
d. vertical transport of warm or cold air =

A

a. heat transfer through wave propagation = Radiation
b. molecule-to-molecule transmission of heat = Conduction
c. horizontal transport of warm or cold air = Advection
d. vertical transport of warm or cold air = Convection

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25
Q

025 At which cloud cover can you expect the smallest temperature difference between day and night?

A

Overcast. (8/8 coverage of the sky)

(Clouds prevent heat from escaping)

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26
Q

026 Explain the reason for the different seasons.

A

Inclination of the earth axis (tilt) and revolution arround the sun.

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27
Q

027 ETHB has reported overcast clouds from 1500Z until 1800Z; from 1900Z until the next morning the sky is clear. ETHN has reported a clear sky from 1500Z until 1800Z and overcast conditions from 1900Z until the next morning. The temperature at 1900Z is at both places 10°C.
At which place can you expect the lowest temperature during the next morning?

A

ETHB.

ETHB During night: No clouds -> Heat escaping.

ETHN During night. Clouds -> Prevent heat from escaping.

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28
Q

028 Define inversion

A

Increasing temperature with increasing height.

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29
Q

029 Define isothermal layer.

A

Layer with constant temperature with increasing height.

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30
Q

030 Explain the formation of a surface inversion when there is no wind.

A

Surface cooled by radiation.

The air above is cooled by contact (conduction).

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31
Q

031 Explain the formation of a surface inversion when there is wind

A

Warm air moves over cold ground (Advection) and is cooled by contact.

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32
Q

032 Explain the formation of an upper inversion caused by horizontal movement of air

A

Warm air moves over cold air. (Advection).

(or cold air moves under warm air. (Also advection))

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33
Q

03X

Are you awesome?

A

You most probably are! :)

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34
Q

033 Explain the formation of the upper inversion caused by vertical currents

A

Air descends and is warmed adiabatically.

(When air descends it is compressed -> pressure increases -> temperature increases)

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35
Q

034 Define freezing level

A

Level when temperature changes from positive to negative values.

(Given In ft MSL)

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36
Q

035 Enter the terms surface inversion, upper inversion, isothermal layer and freezing level into the correct position:

A
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37
Q

036

What is the change of water called
a. from ice to water vapor

b. from water to water vapor

A

a) Sublimation
b) Evaporation

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38
Q

037 At which changes of water is energy released?

A

Sublimation (from water vapor to ice)

Freezing

Condensation

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39
Q

038 Define supercooled water

A

Liquid water at negative temperature.

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40
Q

039 Define relative humidity

A

Ratio (in %) between amount of water vapor present and maximum possible amount at a given temperature.

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41
Q

040 Define a. dew point, and b. spread

A

a) Temperature when air gets saturated. (RH=100%)
b) Difference between current temperature and dewpoint. In ºc.

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42
Q

041 ETSN reports a temperature of 22°C and a dew point of 11°C.
ETSL reports a temperature of 19°C and a dew point of 13°C.
At which air base is the relative humidity higher? Explain your answer

A

ETSL because spread is smaller than at ETSN.

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43
Q

042 The temperature rises from 5°C to 8°C while the dew point remains 3°C. How does the relative humidity change and what is the effect on the visibility?

A

RH goes down and visibility improves.

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44
Q

043 When is air considered to be saturated and how can that be achieved?

A

Saturated = 100% RH

Lowering of temperature or adding water vapor.

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45
Q

044 The temperature is 11°C, the dew point 8°C.
What happens when the temperature drops to 5°C?

A

Air becomes saturated. Water vapor condensates. Dew point sinks to 5ºc.

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46
Q

045 Temperature and dew point are 4°C. What happens, when additionally water evaporates?

A

Air is already saturated. Therefore condensation occurs.

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47
Q

046 Estimate the density (high or low density)

a. in a high pressure system during winter
b. in a low pressure system during summer

A

a) High density.
b) Low density

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48
Q

047 At Airbase A (field elevation 600 ft) and at airbase B (field elevation 100 ft) temperature and QNH are the same. At which air base is the air density lower? Explain your answer.

A

Air density lower at 600 ft because density decreases with increasing altitude.

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49
Q

048 With the same QNH ETNW reports 25°C and EDDV 20°C. At which air base is the density higher? Explain your answer.

A

Density higher at EDDV because there it is colder.

Cold air = higher density.

50
Q
  • *!!**049 What happens to the density when
    a. the QFE changes from 1000 hPa to 1002 hPa
    b. the QNH is constant and the runway temperature changes from
  • 3°C to 3°C
    c. the dew point rises at constant temperature and air pressure?
A

a) Density will increase. (Higher pressure - Higher density)
b) Density decreases. (Higher tempereture - Lowet density)
c) Density decreases. (Dew point up -> more RH/more water -> lighter air -> less density)

51
Q

050 Define density altitude.

A

Pressure altitude corrected by temperature.

DA = QNE + (ΔTemperature x 120ft)

52
Q

051 QNE = 1,000 ft, temperature at field elevation (500 ft) = 4°C.
Calculate the density altitude.

A

QNE: 1000ft

Temperature at field elevation (500 ft) = 4°C

(Field elevation does not matter in this case)

DA = QNE + (ΔTemp x 120ft)

ΔTemp = (Current Temp - Temp ISA)

Temp ISA = 15º - 2º x 1 = 13º (-2º per 1000ft)

ΔTemp = 4º - 13º = -9º

DA = QNE + (ΔTemp x 120ft)

DA = 1000ft + (-9º x 120ft) = 1000ft + (-1080ft) = -80ft

53
Q

052 QFE = 913 hPa, temperature at field elevation (2,400 ft) = 35°C.
Calculate the density altitude.

A

QFE: 913hPa

QNE = (1013-913) x 30ft = 3000ft

Temperature at field elevation (2400 ft) = 35°C

(Field elevation does not matter in this case)

DA = QNE + (ΔTemp x 120ft)

ΔTemp = (Current Temp - Temp ISA)

Temp ISA = 15º - 2º x 3 = 9º (-2º per 1000ft QNE)

ΔTemp = 35º - 9º = 26º

DA = QNE + (ΔTemp x 120ft)

DA = 3000ft + (26º x 120ft) = 3000ft + 3120ft = 6120ft

54
Q

053 QNH = 1,013 hPa, field elevation = 1,500 ft, temperature = 18°C
Calculate the density altitude

A

QNH: 1013hPa

FE = QNE because QNH=1013hPa

Temperature at field elevation (1500 ft) = 18°C

DA = QNE + (ΔTemp x 120ft)

ΔTemp = (Current Temp - Temp ISA)

Temp ISA = 15º - 2º x 1,5 = 12º (-2º per 1000ft QNE)

ΔTemp = 18º - 12º = 6º

DA = QNE + (ΔTemp x 120ft)

DA = 1500ft + (6º x 120ft) = 1500ft + 720ft = 2220ft

55
Q

054 What is the effect of a decreasing density on the rate of climb?

A

Rate of climb is lower.

56
Q

055 The QNH is constant while the temperature and relative humidity increase. What is the effect on the rate of climb?

A

Rate of climb is lower.

(Temp increase = lower density)

(High RH = lower density)

57
Q

056 Explain adiabatic temperature change.

A

Adiabatic warming = Sinking air -> Increasing pressure -> increasing temp

Adiabatic cooling = Rising air -> Decreasing pressure -> decreasing temp

58
Q

057 How does the air temperature change…

a. in the existing atmosphere with increasing height?
b. within a parcel of rising air?

A

a) -2ºc/1000ft (ISA lapse rate)

b)

Moist adiabatic cooling: -2º/1000ft

Dry adiabatic cooling: -3º/1000ft (dry = “drei” three in german)

59
Q

058 Determine the temperature and dew point change in lifted air

a. when the air is unsaturated.
b. when the air is saturated.

A

a)

Temp (unsaturated=dry): -3º/1000ft

Dew point (unsaturated): -0,5º/1000ft

b)

Temp (saturated=moist): -2º/1000ft

Dew point (saturated): -2º/1000ft

60
Q

059 The temperature of air near surface is 12°C, the dew point 5°. The vertical temperature variation of air at rest is according to ISA. The air is lifted.

a. Calculate the temperature of air at rest at 2000 ft GND.
b. Calculate the temperature and the dew point of the lifted air at

2000 ft GND.
c. How does the relative humidity change during this lifting process?

A

a) 12°c - 2°c x 2 = 8°c (ISA lapse rate)

b)

Temp: 12°c - 3°c x 2 = 6°c (Dry adiabatic)

Dew point: 5°c - 0,5°c x 2 = 4°c

c) It increases. Because spread is now lower.

Before: 12°c - 5°c = 7°c spread

Now: 6°c - 4°c = 2°c spread

61
Q

060 Define stable atmosphere (stability).

A

Lifted air is colder than air at rest, it tends to descend again.

62
Q

061 Define unstable atmosphere (instability)

A

Lifted air is warmer than air at rest, it tends to rise further.

63
Q

062 Define neutral atmosphere (neutral stability)

A

Lifted air has same temp as air at rest. It remains at the reached level.

64
Q

063 List the factors promoting stability

A

Stability:

  • Cooling from below
  • Heating at upper levels
  • Descending air
  • Decreasing humidity
65
Q

064 List the factors promoting instability.

A

Instability:

  • Heating from below
  • Cooling at upper levels
  • Lifting of air (thermal och mechanical)
  • Increasing humidity (adding of water vapor)
66
Q

!!065

How is the type of stability affected, when

a. an upper inversion forms?
b. during night the surface becomes colder than the air?
c. air at upper levels is cooled?
d. air descends?

A

a. an upper inversion forms? - More stable
b. during night the surface becomes colder than the air? More stable
c. air at upper levels is cooled? Less stable
d. air descends? More stable

67
Q

066 How is the type of stability affected, when

a. at lower level moisture is added to the air?
b. cold air moves over a warmer ground?
c. air is lifted at a mountain?
d. cold air moves below warm air?

A

a. at lower level moisture is added to the air? Less stable
b. cold air moves over a warmer ground? Less stable
c. air is lifted at a mountain? Less stable
d. cold air moves below warm air? More stable

68
Q

067 Which turbulence, visibility, weather, clouds and aircraft icing can
you expect in unstable air?

A

Unstable air

Turbulence: Moderate to severe turbulence (gusts, updrafts, downdrafts)

Visibility: Good, except in precipitation.

Weather: Showers [SH], hail [GR] , thunderstorms [TS]

Clouds: Cumuliform

Icing in clouds: Clear ice

69
Q

068 Which visibility, weather, clouds and aircraft icing can you expect in stable air?

A

Stable air

Turbulence: Smooth air, normally only light turbulence.

Visibility: Reduced

Weather: In high pressures fine - but often FG, HZ, BR or DZ. At fronts: continous precipitation.

Clouds: Stratiform: In sinking air: Disapaiting clouds.

Icing in clouds: Rime ice

70
Q

069 Which type of lifting occurs

a. when cold air moves above a warm surface?
b. when wind is deflected upward by a mountain?

A

a) Thermal lifting
b) Mechanical lifting

71
Q

070 Moist and stable air crosses a mountain (elevation 14,000 ft MSL) causing foehn. The temperature on the windward side at surface (= MSL) is 18°C, the dew point is 8°C. Calculate the temperature of the descending air on the leeward side at 1000 ft MSL.

A

At MSL: 18º/8º

  • > Spread = 18-8=10º
    1. Spread decrease to RH=100%: 10º x 400 = 4000ft
    2. At 4000ft temp is: 18º - 3º x 4 = 6º (Dew point is the same)
    2. Moist adiabatic cooling -2º/1000ft: 6º - 2º x 10 = -14º (10 because 10 000ft more to go)
    3. Dry adiabatic warming 3º/1000ft: -14º + 3º x 13 = 25º (13 because 13000ft to GND)
    4. Dew point change: 0,5º/1000ft: -14º + 0,5º x 13 = -7,5º
72
Q

071 Moist and stable air crosses a mountain (elevation 10,000 ft MSL) causing foehn. The temperature on the windward side

(1000 ft MSL) is 10°C, the dew point is 5°C. Calculate the temperature of the descending air on the leeward side at 2000 ft MSL.

A

At MSL: 10º/5º

  • > Spread = 10-5=5º
    1. Spread decrease to RH=100%: 5º x 400 = 2000ft GND
    2. At 2000ft GND temp is: 10º - 3º x 2 = 4º (Dew point is the same)
    2. Moist adiabatic cooling -2º/1000ft: 4º - 2º x 7 = -10º (7 because 7 000ft more to go)
    3. Dry adiabatic warming 3º/1000ft: -10º + 3º x 8 = 14º (8 because 8000ft to GND)
    4. Dew point change: 0,5º/1000ft: -10º + 0,5º x 8 = -6º
73
Q

072 There is a strong and moist north-westerly air stream; the atmosphere is stable. On which side of the Alps do you expect
a. fine weather?

b. clouds and precipitation?

A

a) SE (Föhn makes it nice and warm)
b) NW (Air rising and condensating -> Clouds + Precipitation)

74
Q

073 Moist and stable air is crossing the Alps in connection with a southerly airflow. At which side of the Alps do you expect
a. dissipating clouds

b. mechanical lifting?

A

a) N (Föhn makes it so)
b) S (air deflected on mountain)

75
Q

074 a. Air is heated from below and starts to rise.
b. Warm and moist air moves above a layer of cold air.
Which cloud type is likely?

A

a) Cumuliform
b) Stratiform

76
Q

075 Define fog.

A

[FG] = Small waterdropplets suspended in the air. Visibility less than 1km.

77
Q

076 Define freezing fog.

A

[FZFG] = Small supercooled water droplets suspended in the air. Visibility less than 1km.

78
Q

077 At which visibility and relative humidity is
a. mist and b. haze reported in aviation weather reports?

A

a) Mist [BR] = Visibility 1-5km. At least 80% RH.
b) Haze [HZ] = Visibility 1-5km. Less than 80% RH.

79
Q

078 ETHC has reported fog.
The visibility improves to 1000 m, the relative humidity is 89%. What weather phenomenon will ETHC report after the improvement?

A

[BR] Mist

Visibility 1-5km

RH at least 80%

80
Q

079 The sky is clear, the visibility lowers from 6 km to 4000 m, the relative humidity is 70%. Determine the weather phenomenon, which will be reported.

A

[HZ] Haze

Visibility 1-5km

RH less than 80%

81
Q

080 List the cumuliform clouds including their abbreviations.

A

CC - Cirrocumulus

AC - Altocumulus

CB - Cumulonimbus

TCU - Towering Cumulus

CU - Cumulus

(Funny sentence to remember?)

82
Q

081 List the stratiform clouds including their abbreviations.

A

CI - Cirrus

CS - Cirrostratus

AS- Altostratus

NS - Nimbostratus

ST - Stratus

(Funny sentence to remember?)

83
Q

082: List the low clouds.

A

CB - Cumulonimbus

TCU - Towering Cumulus

CU - Cumulus

SC - Stratocumulus

NS - Nimbostratus

ST- Stratus

(Funny sentence?)

84
Q

083 What are the reported sky conditions when

a. there is a cloud layer which covers 6/8 of the sky?
b. there is a cloud layer which covers 2/8 of the sky?
c. there is a cloud layer which covers 8/8 of the sky?
d. the sky is not visible due to dense fog?

A

a) Broken + cloud base (5-7/8 (<8/8))
b) Few + cloud base (1(>0)-2/8)
c) Overcast + cloud base (8/8)
d) Obscured + vertical visibility

85
Q

084 How many octas of cloud cover can you expect when clouds are reported as

a. broken?
b. scattered?
c. overcast?
d. few?

A

a. broken -> 5-7 / 8
b. scattered -> 3-4 / 8
c. overcast -> 8 / 8
d. few -> 1-2 / 8

86
Q

085 Define ceiling.

A

Ceiling is the height (above gnd or water) of the base of the lowest cloud layer below 20.000 ft which covers MORE than half the sky.

87
Q

086 The following clouds are reported:
- few at 500 ft,

  • scattered at 1,200 ft,
  • overcast at 8,000 ft.

Determine the ceiling.

A

8000 ft.

Explanation:
Few and scattered doesn’t cover more than half the sky, therefore overcast at 8000 ft is the correct answer.

88
Q

087 The following clouds are reported:

  • scattered at 1500 ft,
  • scattered at 12,000 ft,
  • broken at 21,000 ft.

Determine the ceiling.

A

No ceiling.

Explanation:
Scattered (3-4 / 8) doesn’t cover more than half the sky and ceiling doesn’t apply over 20.000 ft, therefore no ceiling is correct.

89
Q

088 The following sky conditions are reported:

  • obscured,
  • vertical visibility 300 ft.

Determine the ceiling.

A

300 ft.

Explanation:
If the sky is obscured, the vertical visibility is considered instead of the ceiling (it is seen as the ceiling).

90
Q

Are you prepared for the exam?

A
91
Q

089 Determine the type of stability and the precipitation type

  • in stratiform clouds.
  • in cumuliform clouds.
A

Stratiform clouds:

  • stable air
  • continuous precipitation

Cumuliform clouds:

  • unstable air
  • showers
92
Q

090 With which cloud(s) can showers of hail be expected?

A

Cb (cumulonimbus)

93
Q

091 With which clouds can showers of snow pellets be expected?

A

Cb and TCU

94
Q

092 What do the following abbreviations stand for?

  • a. –FZRA
  • b. SHRASN
  • c. DRSN
  • d. TSGR
  • e. +PO
  • f. BCFG
  • g. VCFG
  • h. BR
  • i. –SG
A
  • a. –FZRA –> Light freezing rain
  • b. SHRASN –> Moderate showers of rain and snow***
  • c. DRSN –> Low drifting snow
  • d. TSGR –> Thunderstorm with moderate hail
  • e. +PO –> Well developed dust- or sand whirls
  • f. BCFG –> Fog patches
  • g. VCFG –> Fog in the vicinity
  • h. BR –> Mist
  • i. –SG –> Light snow grains
95
Q

093 Write down the abbreviations of

  • a. moderate drizzle
  • b. light snow
  • c. shallow fog
  • d. thunderstorm with light snow pellets
  • e. haze
  • f. smoke
  • g. heavy dust storm
  • h. partial fog
  • i. moderate ice pellets
A
  • a. moderate drizzle –> DZ
  • b. light snow –> -SN
  • c. shallow fog –> MIFG
  • d. thunderstorm with light snow pellets –> -TSGS
  • e. haze –> HZ
  • f. smoke –> FU
  • g. heavy dust storm –> +DS
  • h. partial fog –> PRFG
  • i. moderate ice pellets –> PL
96
Q

094 Explain recent rain.

A

Phenomenon (rain) was observed within the last hour but not during the last 10 minutes of observation.

97
Q

095 What does RETS stand for?

A

Recent thunderstorm.

98
Q

096 What does

  • a. REFZRA
  • b. VCBLSN
  • c. REGR

stand for?

A
  • a. REFZRA –> Recent Freezing Rain
  • b. VCBLSN –> Blowing Snow in the Vicinity
  • c. REGR –> Recent Hail
99
Q

097 A low is situated over Denmark and a high over the Alps, the isobars over Germany are closely spaced. Estimate the wind (direction and speed) over Germany.

A

Strong westerly wind.

100
Q

098 Define gusts.

A
  • Wind increase of at LEAST 10 kt
  • Above the average wind
  • During last 10 min
101
Q

099 Define variable wind.

A
  • Average speed 3 kt or less
  • Direction has varied by more than 90° during the last 10 min

(MIL vs civil definition differs - This is the mil definition)

102
Q

100 During the last 10 min the following wind values have been measured. What speed information will be reported?

Average speed/top speed during last 10 min:

  • a. 10 kt/14KT
  • b. 34 kt/43 kt
  • c. 7 kt/18 kt
A
  • a. 10 kt/14KT –> 10 kt
  • b. 34 kt/43 kt –> 34 kt
  • c. 7 kt/18 kt –> 7 kt gusting 18 kt
103
Q

101 Explain:

  • a. crosswind component
  • b. headwind component
  • c. tailwind component.
A
  • a. crosswind component –> Wind component 90° to the rwy
  • b. headwind component –> Wind component opposite to take-off and landing direction
  • c. tailwind component –> Wind component in take-off and landing direction
104
Q

102 Which wind can you expect at the coast on a sunny day at a large distance between isobars?

A

Sea breeze.

(Land warmer than water)

105
Q

103 During which time of the day does the land breeze blow and which is the direction of it?

A

Night.

From land to sea.

(Water warmer than land)

106
Q

104 During which time of the day can you expect the mountain wind?

A

Night.

(Valley warmer than mountain -> wind from mountain to valley.)

107
Q

105 In the weather map there are no isobars over Bavaria. Kaufbeuren is affected by the mountain-valley wind. Which wind can you expect at Kaufbeuren during afternoon and which is the direction of it?

A

Afternoon = daytime -> Valley Wind

Valley wind from North to South.

(Kaufbeuren is north of the alps in Bavaria.)

108
Q

106 When is

a. the meteorological visibility and
b. the fire visibility reported?

A

a) Daytime.
b) Night time

109
Q

107 The visibility to SE is 3000 m, to the S and W 1500m, in all other directions 6 km. Which visibility is reported in the METAR/SPECI code?

A

1500m

110
Q

108 The visibility is 8 km except to the NW within a sector of 25° where it is 5 km. The traffic pattern is south of the air base. Which visibility is reported in the METAR/SPECI code?

A

8km

(If poorest visibility in a sector of 30º or less and it does not concern air traffic.

Then it is neglected.)

111
Q

109 When is color state BLACK reported?

A

Black = Runway not usable for reasons other than visibility and/or ceiling minimum criteria.

112
Q

110 Which visibility, weather phenomena and cloud conditions can you expect when CAVOK is reported?

A
  • Visibility at least 10km
  • No weather phenomena
  • No clouds below 5000ft GND
  • No CB and no TCU.
113
Q

111

The following report is displayed:

EDDS 281020Z 22010KT 6000 BKN040 10/05 Q1018 BECMG FM1100 TL1200 25015KT 8000 NSC=

Which ceiling can be expected

a. at 1050Z?
b. at 1200Z?

A

a) 4000ft
b) No ceiling / No significant clouds (NSC=no clouds below 5000ft, no CB, no TCU)

114
Q

112 Weather reports:ETSL 081320Z 30018G32KT 1900 R21/1800D SHRA SCT018 BKN028TCU BKN050 17/10 Q1008 YLO BLU TEMPO YLO=
ETSN 081320Z 26015KT 9000 FEW008 BKN014TCU BKN030 15/11 Q1007 GRN BLU TEMPO GRN=
EDDM 081250Z 23013KT 5000 VCSH BKN014CB BKN200 17/10 Q1006 RERA NOSIG=

a. Ceiling at ETSL?
b. Visibility at ETSL?
c. Spread at ETSL?
d. QNH at EDDM?
e. Wind direction at ETSN?
f. Weather phenomenon (in plain language) at ETSL?
g. Weather phenomenon (in plain language) at EDDM?

A

a. Determine the ceiling at ETSL. 2800ft
b. Determine the visibility at ETSL. 1900m
c. Determine the spread at ETSL. 7º
d. Determine the QNH at EDDM. 1006hPa
e. Determine the wind direction at ETSN. 260º
f. Determine the weather phenomenon (in plain language) at ETSL. Moderate showers of rain
g. Determine the weather phenomenon (in plain language) at EDDM. Showers in the vicinity

115
Q

113 Weather reports: ETHC 151020Z VRB03KT 1000 BR M00/M00 Q1019 AMB AMB BECMG WHT=
ETHB 151020Z 23005KT 4000 MIFG FEW010 BKN220 05/01 Q1018 GRN GRN=
ETNW 151020Z 18002KT 2600 BCFG 03/00 Q1020 YLO YLO BECMG BLU=
EDDV 151020Z 16003KT 1500 VCFG SCT005 03/02 Q1021 BECMG TL0900 VRB03KT 8000 NSW NSC=

a. Determine the ceiling at ETHC.
b. Determine the ceiling at ETHB.
c. ETNW or EDDV, where is the relative humidity higher?
d. Weather phenomenon(plain language) ETHC, ETHB, ETNW and EDDV.

A
  1. Determine the ceiling at ETHC. No ceiling
  2. Determine the ceiling at ETHB. No ceiling
  3. At which base, ETNW or EDDV, do you find the higher relative humidity? EDDV
  4. Determine the weather phenomenon (in plain language) at ETHC, at ETHB, at ETNW and at EDDV.

ETHC Mist [BR]

ETHB Shallow Fog [MIFG]

ETNW Fog patches [BCFG]

EDDW Fog in the vicinity [VCFG]

116
Q

114 The following TAF is displayed:
ETHB 200520Z 2006/2015 VRB03KT 2000 BR SKC
BECMG 2007/2009 09007KT 9000 NSW SCT200=
a. For which time period is this TAF valid?
b. Which cloud conditions can be expected at 0630Z?
c. Which weather phenomenon (in plain language) can be expected at 1200Z?

A

a. For which time period is this TAF valid? 0600Z-1500Z
b. Which cloud conditions can be expected at 0630Z? Sky clear [SKC]
c. Which weather phenomenon (in plain language) can be expected at 1200Z? No significant weather [NSW]

117
Q

115 The following TAF is displayed:

ETHF 020820Z 0209/0218 22012KT 9000 NSW BKN020 BKN050

TEMPO 0212/0215 24015G25KT 5000 SHRA SCT012 BKN020 BKN050=

a. For which time period is this TAF valid?
b. Which visibility can be expected at 1400Z?
c. Which visibility can be expected at 1800Z?

A

a. For which time period is this TAF valid? 0900Z-1800Z
b. Which visibility can be expected at 1400Z? Temporarily 5km, prevailing 9km
c. Which visibility can be expected at 1800Z? 9km

118
Q

116 The following TAF is displayed:
ETMN 091120Z 0912/0921 22015KT 9000 -RA BKN030 OVC050

BECMG 0914/0916 25020KT 3000 RA BKN007 OVC012

BECMG 0917/0918 27015KT 6000 -RA BKN018 BKN050 BKN080=

a. Which ceiling can be expected at 1300Z?
b. Which visibility can be expected at 1600Z?
c. Which ceiling can be expected at 2000Z?

A

a. Which ceiling can be expected at 1300Z? 3000ft
b. Which visibility can be expected at 1600Z? 3000m
c. Which ceiling can be expected at 2000Z? 1800ft

119
Q

117 The following TAF is displayed:

ETHB 060520Z 0606/0615 19008KT 4000 HZ SKC

BECMG 0607/0609 25012KT 9000 NSW BKN025 BKN090

TEMPO 0612/0614 29015G25KT 3000 SHRA BKN012 BKN090=

a. Which visibility can be expected at 0630Z?
b. Which ceiling can be expected at 1100Z?
c. Which ceiling can be expected at 1430Z?

A

a) 4000m
b) 2500ft
c) 2500ft

120
Q

What are the Cumuliform clouds and which hight do they appear on?

A

Convection clouds - unstable

CU - Cumulus (low)

TCU - Towering cumulus (low-medium)

CB - Cumulonibus (low-medium-high)

AC - Altocumulus (medium)

CC - Cirruocumulus (high)

121
Q

What are the Stratiform clouds and on which height do they appear?

A

Advection clouds - Stable

ST - Stratus (low)

NS - Nimbostratus low-medium)

AS - Altostratus (medium)

CS - Cirrostratus (high)

CI - Cirrus (high)

122
Q

What is the only mixed cloud called and where does it appear?

A

Stratocumulus (low-medium)

Tyskland NOTES (24 decks)

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