Vet prep dog/cat part 2 Flashcards
Why should you always be ready to ET tube a p when inducing with propofol?
It causes severe apnea sometimes
How do you take care of anaphylaxis/Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
anti-histamines, corticosteroids, and epinephrine as needed + fluids and supportive care
What fungal infection is considered contagious and zoonotic?
Beware not to confuse contagious with infectious, Sporotrichosis is the answer and the other choices are coccidioidomycosis, Aspergillosis, Blastomycosis, and Cryptococcosis (which are all infectious but not contagious—they are mainly acquired from the environment and transmission from animal to animal is rare)
do not confuse what two fungus?
DO NOT confuse cryptococcus with cryptosporidium, which IS very contagious and zoonotic—the cow poop one)
what fungus is high risk to vets with handling cats who have wounds?
Sporothrix aka rose gardeners disease
cat bites usually carry what bacteria?
Pasteurella
A dog presents with fever and lymphadenopathy, you do aspirate of the LN and find large, bipolar staining coccibacilli and o mentions the dog was eating a rat a few days ago, what should you be thinking?
Yersinia pestis which is transmitted to dogs and ats via ingestion of rodents or bites from the prey’s fleas, this is the Plague
Dogs usually recover and you may have to lance the “buboes”
Dogs and cats are poor vectors of the Plague thankfully
What anesthetic agent is not to be used in malignant hyperthermia?
Halothane
what is the derangement???
Base excess -8 normal -5 to 0 mmol/L
anion gap 18 (8-25 mmol/L)
pH 7.30 (7.35-7.45)
pCO2= 29 (34-40)
metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis
pyoderma in dogs information
pyoderma is common in dogs because the canine stratum corneum is not the best barrier the bacteria and their skin lack ostial hair plugs in their follicles, which allows bacterial (like staphylococcus pseudointermedius being the most common one) to colonize and make an infection (cocci on cytology)
what is the tx of puppy strangles?
aka juvenile cellulitis tx with prednisone and abx
fever and generalized lymphadenopathy and dogs will be affected around the muzzle, pinnae, eyes and abx and steroids are needed for tx
what do you prescribe to a dog with sneezing, ocular discharge but otherwise healthy, you think it is a viral URI with possible secondary bacterial infection, what do you prescribe?
cephalexin
a dog was given an antibiotic for an URI infection and now presents to you for severe cutaneous ulcerations, and skin biopsy confirms coagulative necrosis of the epidermis with mixed inflammation in the dermis and epidermis, what should you tell the owner?
You are most concerned that a severe and life-threatening cutaneous drug reaction occurred and the dog should be hospitalized for supportive care and testing
The hx and clinical appearance is consistent with toxic epidermal necrolysis which is usually associated with adverse drug reactions and can be life-threatening
Anal gland tumors are usually apocrine gland adenocarcinomas but FNA is need
They are assoc. with hypercalcemia and sub lumbar LN are the most common sites for mets
What dog breed is predisposed to canine familial dermatomyositis?
collies- the disease causes atrophy of the muscles and erosion, crusting, and alopecia od the skin that gets a lot worse with sun or heat exposure and tx is high doses of steroids but usually does not even help, Omega 3 FA, and vitamin E
what do you tell the owners of a collie that was just diagnosed with canine familial dermatomyositis???
the disease is cyclic and will regress on its own, diagnosis is made with skin or muscle biopsies but can hard to get a good sample because it will wax and wane so much and its usually caused by immunosuppression
what method do you NOT use for taking ticks off?
burn off the ticks is not recommended because it can cause the ticks to be agitated and regurgitate their stomach contents
what are the types of eosinophilic granuloma complexes in cats and what do each of the terms mean???
Indolent ulcer: most commonly observed as an ulcerative symmetrical lesion on the upper lip
Eosinophilic granuloma: found in mouth or body
Eosinophilic plaque: commonly observed as linear plaques on caudal thighs.
Flea allergy dermatitis in cats can present with different distributions of clinical signs – caudal dorsal, symmetrical alopecia, or face and neck
Localized demodex in young dogs does not usually need to be tx because it clears up on its own, T/F
True!!!!
Ivermectin is used to treat localized or generalized demodex??
Generalized but Amitraz is the only FDA LABELED DRUG don’t use steroids
Localized is the puppy normal one
GENERALIZED IS THE OLDER IMMUNOCOMPROMISED GENETIC ONE
Information about demodex
use ivermectin to treat generalized forms
Benzoyl peroxide shampoos should be used in demodicosis patients by aiding in follicular flushing but will not directly kill the mites, demodex is a species-specific mite and is not considered zoonotic
Do not treat demodex patients with prednisone because it will cause immunosuppression and lead to worse response to the mites
Demodex= need deep skin scrape because they reside in the hair follicles (deep)
we usually talk about demodex canis but what is the other one that is not nearly as common but may show up on NAVLE??
There is also Demodex injai which causes greasy seborrhea especially on the face and dorsal trunci and terriers and shih tzus may be predisposed, some dogs may be pruritic and the mite is slender when compared with demodex canis and still needs a deep skin scrape
demodex is a ____ skin scrape and sarcoptes scabei is a _____ skin scrape
Demodex is DEEP and scabies is SUPERFICIAL
What is discoid lupus erythematosus?
is an autoimmune condition that can result in ulcerative nasal dermatitis and loss of cobblestone appearance
There is low risk of transfer of Staphylococcus pseudointermedius from animals to humans since staphylococcus is host-adapted to dogs
It can be transmitted to humans that are immunocompromised but its not very common
Staph aureus HOWEVER IS a risk to humans, since it is host adapted to humans
A 3- month old bully presents with generalized alopecia and crusting of the skin, a deep skin scraping shows the dog has generalized demodicosis. What do you tell the owner?
The dog likely has an inherited defect in cellular immunity and should not be bred
what usually causes generalized demodicosis in juveniles and pups is usually caused by inherited defect in what? how do you tx???
cell immunity; tx with mite killing agents and oral abx for the secondary bacterial infection(s)
What is the tx for generalized demodex that IS FDA APPROVED
amitraz (Mitaban)
Ivermectin and milbemycin can also be used to tx this but only if Mitaban is not carried in your hospital but they are NOT FDA approved for it
Acral lick granuloma
usually solitary, about 50% of them will be diagnosed as idiopathic or psychogenic but other underlying disease must be ruled out and most lesions are deep bacterial infections and tx should include systemic abx based on deep culture sample
the lesions will not resolve without topical abx tx
dermatomyositis lesions and tx
start as papules and vesicles and eventually rupture, muscles of the face will be atrophied and the muscle (which is directly over the ramus) usually this condition will wax and wane and prognosis varies
tx is immunosuppressive doses of steroids and Pentoxifylline (which is used to improve blood flow) and cyclosporine
Seen most commonly in collies
more than ____ Malassezia yeast is abnormal in ear cytology
5 yeast per HPF
what is proper tx for yeast in ears?
tx include Tresaderm (thiabendazole, neomycin, and dexamethasone), Mometamax (mometasone, gentamicin, clotrimazole), and Otomax (gentamicin, betamethasone valerate, and clotrimazole), you will not send home triple antibiotic ointment (neomycin, bacitracin, and polymyxin B) because it is an anti-biotic WITHOUT any anti-fungals
what is the most common SE with ivermectin?
Neurological toxicity, will be reversed after stopping the medication
Malassezia infection of the claws usually produces a red to brown discoloration of the nails closer to the nail bed
symmetrical lupoid onychodystrophy results in splitting and breaking of the nails with deformation of the nails
A 10 year old boxer presents with a mass on her neck and the mass was diagnosed as MCT based on FNA, she was screened for mets and did not have any found, the mass was removed by non-clean margins resulted on histopathology and it came back high grade (grade 3). What do you tell the owner?
Start tyrosine kinase inhibitor chemotherapy drug (Palladia)
MCT are highly responsive to radiation therapy
how to treat some furunculosis/folliculitis on the chin of a dog?
clean the area with benzyl peroxide shampoo or gel
Same w chin acne on cats— can use Stridex pads
what is a skin auto-immune disease that requires immunosuppressive therapy and tx is steroids and maybe some other immunosuppressants
Pemphigus vulgaris
what is the most common dermal malignancy in dogs
MCT
what is the TOC of MCT???
excision with 2-3 cm lateral margins and 1 fascial plane deep is needed and TOC if mets is not already present is sx but if mets present, need radiation and/or chemo too
Also RX predisone because it is cytotoxic to mast cells, give H1 blocker like Benadryl aka diphenhydramine (not IV tho), and H2 blocker like famotidine or ranitidine, do NOT use morphine drugs when in sx or after sx because they can cause more histamine release!!!!
What is an FDA-approved tx for cancer in dogs???
Toceranib phosphate (Palladia) since 2009
It is an inhibitor of a membrane-bound signaling molecule called a receptor tyrosine kinase and they are blocked by Palladia
If you are suspicious of methicillin resistance with a skin infection, use ___________
clindamycin; Could also use TMS UNLESSS the Q specified it was a Doberman because TMS in Dobermans can cause anemia, thrombocytopenia, arthritis, and renal toxicity due to a type 3 hypersensitivity in their breed with this abx
Chloramphenicol could be used but best to reach for clindamycin first
what drug can cause anemia and thrombocytopenia in Dobermans?
TMS
Continue skin abx for ___ days after resolution of CS
7-21 days after resolution of CS because deep pyodermas involve tissues deeper than the epidermis or even dermis/subcutis so the surface may be healed but the deeper layers may still need abx
Always continue abx for 7- 21 days after resolution of CS
what to do for deep pyodermas–
Deep infections can require up to 12 weeks of abx in some cases whereas superficial infections need 3-4 weeks of abx for reference
For deep pyoderma- keep on abx til 2 weeks past resolution of CS and 1 week past for superficial skin lesions
What breed is predisposed to acanthosis nigricans?
Dachshund
what is acanthosis nigrcans
It is characterized by hyperpigmentation of the axillary and groin areas and can spread to other parts of the body and these areas are predisposed to other issues like bacterial or yeast infections and/or seborrhea
The mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive or polygenic inheritance
You are called to a house call to see a 3 y/o lab showing red, ulcerative, thickened areas around both eyes (periocular edema) and facial pruritus and has been a recurrent problem for 4 months now and the o says the episodes happen when the dog stays indoors.
What do you do next and what are the next steps???
perform a conjunctival swab and aspirate of the edematous parts of the eye and it reveals lots of eosinophils, suspect hypersensitivity
(edema is a common sign of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction or allergy. The intermittent nature of the episodes suggests some type of allergic reaction, most likely infrequent contact with a potent allergen to which the dog has become sensitized)
A 3-year old spayed lab presents with pruritus, the owner reports that over the past year and a half she has been licking and scratching her ventrum, paws, ears, and face, mostly in the summer. The dog is on flea control. What is likely the most successful tx for the most likely PRIMARY UNDERLYING ETIOLOGY of the dog’s pruritus?
Hyposensitization injections based on intradermal skin test results
Based on the signalment and history and PE, you should be most suspicious of atopic dermatitis (atopy)
Tx pyoderma with what abx?
Cephalexin and chlorhexidine shampoos for 8 weeks (2 weeks past resolution of CS)
Incidental pinnal alopecia can be seen in some dog breeds like what breeds???
Dachunds, American or Portuguese water dogs, spaniels, chi, Italian greyhounds, whippets, boston terriers, mini poodles, and weims
A 3 y/o wire fox terrier presents for pruritis, crusted papules, alopecia, erythema and excoriations distributed mainly around the caudal half of her body. The changes are fairly bilaterally symmetric and are most prominent at the dorsal lumbosacral region, tail base, perineum and medial thighs. Which of the following interventions will be most successful at treating the most likely PRIMARY UNDERLYING ETIOLOGY of the dog’s pruritus?
Topical administration of imidacloprid and permethrin
Based on the signalment, hx, PE you should be most suspicious of flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) which can occur with rapid onset and lesions as described
What will you see on IMHA p?
spherocytes, autoagglutination, positive Coomb’s test, regenerative anemia (will also see regenerative anemia with Heinz bodies) also do R N A test I learned about at hillside (reactive nuclear antibodies)
What is IMHA/what causes it??? TX for it???
IMHA is when RBC are coated with immunoglobulins and are then engulfed by macrophages. AS a result the RBC will lose a portion of its cell membrane but not Hgb. With the loss of part of the cell membrane, spherocytes appear smaller (without volume loss), no central pallor, and stain deep red
Can cause an increased risk for thromboembolism in patients so beware of that
Tx with azathioprine and prednisone commonly
what are the SE of azathioprine (which is an immunosuppressive drug)
SE of Azathioprine is hepatotoxic, can cause acute pancreatitis, GI upset an bone marrow suppression (with GI upset being the most commonly reported) Cats are more sensitive to the drug because of a deficiency in thiopurine methyltransferase which is the enzyme that is used to metabolize azathioprine so it should be used with heavy caution, if at all, in cats
What does hypochromic microcytic anemia mean???
means the RBC are less red and smaller (means iron deficiency)
what type of anemia will a IMHA p have? What is the breed that is over represented?
IMHA poster child is the cocker spaniel and presents with normocytic normochromic regenerative anemia with autoagglutination and spherocytes with CS as pale mm, lethargy, depressed, inappetence, mildly tachycardic, anemia with spherocytes and CBC/WBC WNL
TX with packed red blood cell transfusion, prednisone, and cyclosporine
What anesthetic do you choose that do not cause the spleen to engorge/enlarged while doing a splenectomy?
Morphine followed by diazepam and ketamine (Xylazine, diazepam, ketamine, propofol, and opioids do not cause the spleen to change size)
The mean circulating lifespan of a neutrophil in a dog is _____ hours
5-9 hours
what is the neutrophil lifespan in cattle? Horses?
Cattle is 16 hours and horses is 10-11 days
what is the RBC lifespan in dogs? What about horses? Pigs? Sheep?
dogs- 110 days
cows- 70 days
horses- 145 days
pigs- 86 days
sheep- 150 days
SMILED stress leukogram means what?
Segmented neutrophils and monocytes increased, lymphocytes and eosinophils decreased
what does chronic lymphocytic leukemia look like?
Small, mature lymphocytes with lymphadenopathy and prominent spleen, high reticulocytes, lymphocytes, and bone marrow aspirates showing 40% small lymphocytes and another mass aspirate showing 90% small lymphocytes
Canine thrombopathia information:
Autosomal recessive trait in Basset Hounds where platelets fail to aggregate and secrete their granules in response to normal stimuli which causes increased risk of bleeding spontaneously
Platelet numbers and coag. Panels will be normal (it is an issue with platelet function not number)
The Q was a basset hound with epistaxis from both nostrils with ecchymoses hemorrhages on the skin in his abdominal region but PE otherwise WNL, and coag WNL and not anemic
There is a basset hound with epistaxis from both nostrils with ecchymoses hemorrhages on the skin in his abdominal region but PE otherwise WNL, and coag WNL and not anemic, what do you suspect?
canine thrombocytopathia which is an autosomal recessive trait usually seen in Basset hounds (platelet numbers and coag. Panels will be normal (it is an issue with platelet function not number)
What do you administer a Doberman that has mild chest contusions and elevated BMBT?
Desmopressin acetate which is a vasopressin and results in release of von Willebrand factor to help the p with clotting since it has elevated BMBT it likely has von Willebrand disease
Cryoprecipitate from random donors is no longer an optimal choice because of the risk of transfusion-associated viral infections
What is a common finding on CBC of a dog with a ruptured splenic hemangiosarcoma?
Schistocytes which are fragmented RBC that are mechanically broke up due to irregular vessels and fibrin strains
Would also have thrombocytopenia, anemia, and leukocytosis
Low MCV, MCH, MCHC and hct with normal reticulocyte is most likely
Iron deficiency
this describes a microcytic, hypochromic, non-regenerative anemia which is consistent with chronic iron deficiency
What should you do if Doxorubicin is outside of the vein at the site of injection causing extravasations to occur?
Cold compress to contain the spread of the drug since it can cause severe tissue necrosis where debridement and maybe amputation will be needed
For Vincristine, however, you can warm compress it to disperse the drug and enhance systemic absorption because it is just irritating but should not cause severe tissue necrosis
The most common time for anastomosis failure is 3-5 days post op why???
due to the degradation of fibrin at the site prior to deposition of enough collagen, do an andromonoecies if you are afraid there is leakage at the sx site and septic peritonitis likely
What of the following is the most likely diagnosis for a cough in a 2-month old puppy?
Toxocara canis (roundworm) infection
How to feed megaesophagus patient
They should be fed high calorie diets and fed upright (Bailey Chair) at a 45-90 degree angle from the floor, they should stay in that position for 10-15 minutes after eating and they should be fed in meatballs if possible (fed high-calorie low volumes)
rads of the GI tract without serosal detail tells you what??
ascites
what type of gastropexy may cause subsequent surgeries to have an inadvertent incision into the stomach if the animal requires another surgery in life?
Incorporating gastropexy
This technique is easy and rapid to perform and involves making an incision through the seromuscular layer of the stomach and then suturing it to the lineal aba as you are closing your incision
What causes cutaneous larval migrans in humans?
ancylostoma which is hookworms that come in contact with unprotected skin and the infective larvae penetrate the epidermis and migrate aimlessly because they cannot penetrate the basement membrane of the skin so they are just right under the skin, usually self-limiting in humans
Ancylostoma brazilinese
What zoonotic parasite is best known to affect the eyes of children?
Roundworm (toxocara canis)
what worm is the most common cause of visceral larval migrans in humans with fecal-oral transmission, children are the ones most infected bc they play in sandboxes where cats may poop, puppies may also acquire the disease transplacental
Toxocara canis aka the roundworm
