Vet prep Dog/Cat part 1 Flashcards
A 10 year old shih-tzu for collapse, a diagnostic work up shows a mass on the R kidney, which was subsequently removed and biopsied as a renal carcinoma. What can be assoc. with carcinoma?
polycythemia which is an erythropoietin secretion causing elevations in Hct as a paraneoplastic syndrome
hypercalcemia is assoc. with what tumor most commonly?
Adenocarcinomas (like AGASACA) but also lymphomas and others
thrombocytopenia can be seen with what two tumors most commonly?
Hemangiosarcoma and multiple myeloma
What is used for urinary incont. In dogs and is a weak alpha agonist
Phenylpropanolamine- it increase urethral sphincter tone and helps prevent incontinence (beware because can cause bone marrow suppression bc basically an estrogen supplement)
What are the components of nephrotic syndrome (4 of them)
Proteinuria (test with protein: creatinine), hypoproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia, and ascites or edema
Why are struvite stones seen with infection (UTI)?
Because bacteria are producing urease which alkalize the urine in which struvite stones love to live (dissolve or remove)
Monitoring water and urine output:
Normal water consumption is 50-60mL/kg/day and polydipsia is defined as more than 100mL/kg/day, polyuria is more than 50mL/kg/day of urine and is best measured with an indwelling urinary catheter and hospitalization
Diabetes insipidus
when urine cannot be concentrated because there is no ADH secretion (abn vasopressin or abn response to vasopressin)
You are looking at a 3 y/o F Mini poodle that apparently has been bumping into things more at home and esp. at night. On fundic exam, you see tapetal hyperreflectivity, and gray vermiform lines on the fundus and retinal vascular attenuation with a pale optic disc. What is the most likely cause of her problem
Gray vermiform lines means imbalance of growth between the retina and the outer choroid and sclera (sometimes seen in collie breeds), they disappear after several week
What eye condition is seen in dogs with distemper or fungal infections and cats with FIP, FeLV, FIV, Toxoplasmosis and fungal infections??
Chorioretinitis
What is a potential effect of chronic anterior uveitis in dogs?
corneal scarring
chronic uveitis can lead to what 3 things in the eye?
cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal scarring
You are assisting the ophthalmologist with an eye exam during your internship rotation and examining a 5 y/o GSD who has been recently lethargic and seems to be having issues seeing especially at night. On dilated fundic examination, you note gray areas in the fundus and the retina looks blurry. You also note a small area of hemorrhage in the OS and you do an electroretinogram and find impaired cone function, eye test shows the following: stain neg, tonometry 8 OS and 12 OD, and Schirmer tear test shows 20mm < 60 sec. OU. What is the diagnosis?
Chorioretinitis- this is aka posterior retinitis and is inflammation of the choroid and retina. Signs of ongoing or acute chorioretinitis in dogs are poorly defined gray spots throughout the fundus, retinal separation, and retinal hemorrhage.
Full labwork and infectious disease testing should be submitted.
what is a normal shirmer tear test result?
more than 15mm/min
a dog presents for a brown, circular mass floating in the anterior chamber of the eye, what is it?
Uveal cyst- (ddx from melanoma because it is free-floating and will transilluminate and are spherical to ovoid and smooth unlike melanoma)
what is optic disc coloboma?
a congenital malformation of the optic disc where there is failure of optic fissure to close embryonically and usually results in a keyhole shaped pupil
What is the difference between an incomplete and complete cataract?
Both are diffuse changes of the lens but the animals can see through the incomplete cataract
Different types of cataracts-
An incomplete cataract is not completely opacified and a tapetal reflection can be seen through it. and animal can see through it.
A complete cataract is a completely opacified lens that cannot be seen through and tapetal reflection cannot be appreciated.
A focal cataract is aka an incipient cataract
Degradation of the lens protein after developing a cataract is called resorbing cataract
nuclear sclerosis is normal aging changes to the center of the ___ of the eye
lens
Dogs with what endocrine disorder have an increased incidence of sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)
what are tx options for glaucoma (primary or secondary) in dogs?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (such as dorazolamide) a
Latanoprost (Xalatan) is a prostaglandin analog
what drug is C/I with glaucoma?
Atropine
what is tacrolimus used for?
topical immunosuppressant for dry-eye
blood in the anterior chamber of the eye with precipitates in the posterior chamber is what disease?
Anterior uveitis
Hyphema and keratic precipitates are specific signs of what?
Anterior uveitis
You examine a dog with bilateral blepharospasm, mucoid ocular discharge and 360-degree corneal vascularization. What test will most likely give you a diagnosis as to the cause?
Schirmer tear test
fungal infections such as coccidioides immits infection can cause what ocular change?
Aqueous flare (and uveitis)
what does dyscoria mean? what does anisocoria mean?
dyscoria is abn shape of the pupil; anisocoria is different pupil sizes
When are changes seen on electroretinogram (ERG) with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) in dogs?
flat lined ERG from day 1 of the condition
Chronic superficial keratitis aka _____
AKA PANNUS; a condition seen mainly in GSD and shepherd crosses due to UV light exposure that is believed to cause alterations to the corneal proteins leading to an immune reaction
It is tx with topical steroids and cyclosporine- usually requires lifelong tx
You are examining the eyes of a dog with all the signs of Horner’s Syndrome, After instilling topical hydroxyamphetamine, there is no change but then you instill phenylephrine and after 5 minutes, the eye returns o normal. What can you conclude?
Hydroxyamphetamine and phenylephrine stimulate the sympathetic NS and is used to dilate the pupil
(phenylephrine causes a more rapid response)
so this dog has a post-ganglionic lesion
What do you do first in a dog that presents to you for a melting corneal ulcer?
swab for cytology and culture (assume it is infected)
You are looking at a 9 y/o female spayed dog that became acutely blind after being normal all yesterday, ophthalmic and fundic exams are normal. What is the most likely cause of this dog’s acute blindness?
sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome (SARDS) which is a condition seen in middle-aged dogs that are obese and develop acute blindness and initially have no optic or fundoscopic lesions. In 1-2 months they will develop retinal vascular attenuation (caused by decreased metabolic demand of the degenerating retina) and tapetal hyper reflexivity (indicates retinal thinning and degeneration and is characterized by a shiny tapetal appearance)
What is a cause of hypoxemia in a dog
Low FiO2 which is fraction of O2 and is estimation of O2 amount inhaled
What is the treatment of choice for a primary lung tumor in the dog?
Excision with very wide margins
What is the end-point of warfarin therapy in an animal with a pulmonary thromboembolism?
A prothrombin time of 1.5-2 times normal
PT (extrinsic factor “PET”) is the best test for warfarin toxicity
PTT (intrinsic) and activated clotting time will be unchanged
a dog with a bunch of Q-tips up each nostril in ventral recumbency and intubated on anesthesia– Q asks what is most likely the complication associated with the post-anesthetic recovery of this dog receiving Clotrimazole (which is an anti-fungal like they use for Athlete’s foot/Jock itch)
laryngeal inflammation because clotrimazole is instilled in the frontal sinus and nasal cavity following the debridement of a fungal mass (likely Actinobacillus)
A 5-month-old English Bulldog has a hard time breathing with stertor and coughing. Which set of abnormalities is most likely present in this patient?
Stertor is noise created within the back of the throat or nose and is low-pitched and sound like nasal congestion or snoring
Seen with tracheal hypoplasia, stenotic nares and elongated soft palate
Young brachycephalic dogs are afflicted with a number of upper airway abn, collectively termed “Brachycephalic airway syndrome” and includes tracheal hypoplasia, stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules, and laryngeal collapse.
From vet prep Canine Brachycephalic Syndrome Notes:
The congenital components are the elongated soft palate, stenotic nares, and hypoplastic trachea and the acquired components (which are a result of increase airway resistance) is everted laryngeal saccules +/- laryngeal edema, collapse, and or redundant (edematous) pharyngeal folds
TX sx stenotic nares- wedge resections of the nasal fold
Tx for laryngeal collapse is permanent tracheostomy (very advanced)
Everted laryngeal saccules can be grabbed with long pair of Allis tissue forceps or hemostats and be removed with traction
What is most likely to provide a definitive diagnosis for a dog with chronic nasal discharge that has nasal aspergillosis
Histopathology which will show the fungal hyphae
A dog present to your clinic for coughing and a fever a week after hunting and you find a grass awn in the lungs on bronchoscopy and remove it. What bacterial infection is this dog predisposed to?
Actinomyces– which is a filamentous branching, gram positive bacteria that is a normal inhabitant of the mouth and oropharynx and is commonly associated with a grass awn migration and can migrate from the nasal passages to the GI tract and cause an issue with diagnosis (Megan Watkin’s dog for example)
What would cause a dog to have nasty greenish yellow nasal discharge bilaterally with a mixed population of lymphocytes and plasma cells when biopsied?
Idiopathic usually, could be Parainfluenza virus-3, canine adenovirus-2, or Bartonella or Chlamydophila
What is the difference between stertor and stridor?
stertor is a gurgling/congested noise that is generally associated with the nasal passages whereas stridor is higher pitched and the sound is usually from the larynx or near it
In an animal with pleural effusion, what rads will give you the best view of the heart?
ventrodorsal
You can an 11 year-old female spayed lab that is presenting in acute respiratory distress after playing fetch on a hot summer day, on initial exam, Lucy is panting heavily and a loud stridor sound is audible. Upon more history taking, the owners tell you that lucy’s bark has changed over the past couple of months. What is the most common complication/side effect of the recommended treatment for lucy’s condition?
Lar par causing aspiration pneumonia
The arytenoid cartilages fail to abduct during inspiration, resulting in upper airway obstruction. These p usually present with acute clinical signs even though the disease is chronic in nature. Surgical arytenoid lateralization (tie-back) is the tx of choice but with the chronically opened airway, aspiration pneumonia can be a common side effect. If sx is not an option, do prednisone to help reduce laryngeal inflammation
the ________ ________ muscle opens the arytenoid cartilage which opens the airway and is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve
cricoarytenoideous dorsalis muscle
what is a comorbidity of a dog with lar par that we commonly see?
Hypothyroidism
What is considered predisposed to developing nasal aspergillosis?
Dolichocephalic
What do you see on chest rads of a dog with pleural effusion?
pleural fissure lines on the lateral and VD views—-
pleural fissure lines are diagnostic for pleural effusion, the fissures are the normal divides between the lung lobes and are not visualized on rads unless there is free fluid in the chest or the pleura is thickened. When there is a large amount of fluid, you may begin to appreciate the loss of detail and it is possible that the lung lobes will collapse as a result of the inability to properly expand in the face of pleural effusion
What is a lobar sign and when is it seen?
lobar sign is seen when there is a line of demarcation between the radiopaque (consolidated) lung lobe and the radiolucent (normal) lung lobe. There can be many causes for a lobar sign including hemorrhage, edema, or pus within the lobe.
What is an air bronchogram and when is it seen?
Air bronchograms are seen when alveolar edema occurs as the result of fluid accumulating within the alveoli. Alveolar edema will result in a sharp contrast between the fluid in the alveoli on the air in the bronchi.
A 5 y/o Rottweiler comes in after being kicked by a horse earlier that morning. PE shows skin wound at the chest, you take chest rads and note 1-2 cm regions of localized consolidation. What do you tell the owners?
Pulmonary contusions are likely and your dog needs to be carefully monitored for the next few days bc it may worsen and cause breathing issues
Pulmonary contusions can cause respiratory issues in a p that seems healthy in 24 hours following the trauma, and then they usually improve over the next 1-2 days
Carcinomas are _____ in origin
epithelial
Tx for intra vs extra-thoracic tracheal collapse–
For extra-thoracic-If cartilage is normal can plicate the redundant membrane (only for mild cases and not done commonly bc med. Mgmt. works too). Can also do plastic rings around the trachea to support it, Teflon tubing and polypropylene syringe cases used but results are ehhhh
For intra-thoracic- Stent possible but can fracture, may see collapse around the stent anyway, if used correctly there is an 80% success rate
What is the TOC for aspergillosis in dogs?
Topical antifungal therapy (Clotrimazole)
!!!!! STEROIDS ARE C/I !!!!
Topical antifungal works better than systemic in this case
Synthetic imidazole has an 80% cure rate with a single application
You need to start tx for a dog that has been diagnosed with Valley Fever (coccidioides immits). The fluconazole that you normally use is on backorder and the human version is very expensive. You decide to start ketoconazole in the meantime. What is a potential side effect?
Elevated liver enzymes– Ketoconazole is hepatotoxic and can cause elevated liver enzymes
facial excoriation is a potential side effect with _______
methimazole
A 10 y/o retriever presents for progressive onset of exercise intolerance and voice changes. On the PE she is overweight and mm are pink with CRT of less than 2 seconds. Lung sounds are clear bilaterally but there is stridorous breathing on inspiration. Laryngeal paralysis is suspected and a sedated laryngeal examination has been rec. to the o. The o agrees to a routine blood panel, chest rads and laryngeal exam. What meds will help in looking at the laryngeal function
Doxapram (can also use injectable anesthetics like thiopental or propofol but only with Doxapram)
What is likely to cause resp. distress and an increase in resp. rate in animals that are victims of smoke inhalation (like smoke from fire not cigarette)?
Carbon monoxide inhalation
What is the gold standard test for diagnosing thromboembolism (PTE)?
angiography is gold standard (contrast rads)
A previously healthy lactating dog 2 weeks after whelping shows signs of restlessness, whining, fever, muscle spasms and convulsions. What is the most likely a cause?
Eclampsia which is due to reduction in serum-ionized calcium secondary to the demand of producing large amounts of milk. Tx is calcium supplementation
During which phases of the estrous cycle does the female dog attract the male dogs?
Proestrus and estrus but she will only stand to be mating in estrus
A 13-year-old female Dachshund presents for 2 lumps on her abdomen. Your physical exam reveals that both lumps are 2.5 cm mammary masses in the 5th mammary gland. The associated inguinal LN is prominent. Aspirates of the LN show sheets of epithelial cells on cytology. Both mammary masses are firm and nodular in shape. What do you suspect to be true?
The LN aspirate results are a negative prognostic indictor—you should never find sheets epithelial cells in a LN unless it is infiltrated with metastasis (or unless you aspirated something else on accident, like a salivary gland). Metastasis of a mammary gland tumors in dogs is a negative prognostic indicator
A dark red vaginal discharge in a bitch 3 weeks after whelping indicates what process?
Normal response— dark red vaginal discharge occurs normally for up to 6 weeks after whelping. Subinvolution can cause bleeding for 12-15 weeks post-partum
T/F
Dogs spayed prior to an estrus are 0.05% times as likely to develop a mammary tumor as an intact dog, that risk increases to 8% and 26% after one and two heats respectively with no decrease in risk if they are spayed subsequent to a 3rd heat
True!!!
Frequently, owners question the value of spaying or neutering a dog. In this case, you have a hesitant owner that has come with her new Bichon at 12 weeks of age. Which is true:
Spaying your dog after the 1st heat cycle will result in approx. 8% likelihood of mammary cance
what are the CS of an estrogen secreting Sertoli cell tumors in a dog?
Estrogen secretion Sertoli cell tumors are quite common in cryptorchid testes and cause CS of truncal alopecia, hyperpigmentation, bone marrow dyscrasia (close to the earlier stage of leukemia and is where WBC grow uncontrollably), aplastic anemia, gynecomastia and urinating in a female position
What is the neoplasm seen in dogs that can be cured in 90% or more of cases with chemotherapy alone?
transmissible venereal tumors can be cured with chemo alone in 90% of cases
Dogs in estrus should have what cytology findings of vaginal cytology?
cellular cytology with more than 90% cornified epithelial cells
There is a female dog who is intact and is not receptive to males but has a very enlarged vulva, what is happening?
she is likely in proestrus and is normal, vulvar swelling and edema do occur with rising estrogen levels in proestrus
What phase of the estrus cycle does pyometra usually occur in the dog?
diestrus, progesterone is the predominant hormone and it promotes endometrial growth, suppresses myometrial activity, and inhibits leukocyte response to infection (all of this predisposes the dog to develop pyometra)
In what days of gestation can you see fetal skeletons on rads?
43 days of gestation, the fetal skeletons ossify at 42-45 days in the dog and 35-39 days in the cat. In the dog, the mineralized fetuses can be seen around 42-46 days. The scapula, humerus, and the femur can be made out around 46-51 days and the ribs can be seen at 52-59 days. Their teeth and digits can be seen at 58-63 days
If you suspect prostatitis in a patient use what drug???
Enrofloxacin
What is frequently associated with testosterone-dependence and is therefore found mostly in dogs that are intact males?
Perianal adenoma- will shrink and resolve after neutering
what tx can be used for OPEN pyometra but still OHE recommended?
Prostaglandins (and always use abx with pyometras)
A dog FS dog presents for leaking urine while sleeping and rads shows a normal sized bladder. What do you prescribe
Phenylpropanolamine which is a sympathomimetic that results in increased sphincter tone and thus eliminates incontinence (can lead to bone marrow suppression so beware-estrogen like tx)
What is the most common presentation for a patient with idiopathic epilepsy?
A dog that is 3 y/o lab and has recently begun having generalized tonic-clonic seizures approximately once a week and most frequently at night when resting and otherwise behaves WNL between seizures.
Idiopathic elipsey refers to what?
a specific condition and should not be applied to a p with seizurs from an unknown cause, most dogs with it will being having them between 1-5 years of age
where do seizures originate?
from the cerebral cortex and thalamus in the prosencephalon
What is a generalize seizure? What is tonic-clonic and absence seizures?
entire brain is involved with complete loss of consciousness
Tonic-clonic “Gran mal”- complete seizure, large amounts of motor activity with big movements, tonic is extension and clonic is flexion
Absence – petite mal seizure- no movements at all
