Toxins Flashcards
what toxin causes a rapid release of insulin causing hypoglycemia?
Xylitol
Latrodectus mectans and Latrodectus hesperus is what and what does it cause?
Black widow spider; causes acetylcholine to bind calcium channels and leads to ascending motor paralysis and destruction of peripheral nerves
p will be recumbent, vocalizing in pain with muscle spasms and death from respiratory/CV failure
warfarin is a rodenticide and affects that coagulation factors?
Factors 2, 7, 9, 10 and PT will be prolonged first because the shortest half life is Factor 7 and is part of that pathway (extrinsic)
what rodenticide toxin causes fatal hypercalcemia?
cholecalciferol
what can we use to help correct the effects of ethylene glycol toxicity that we use in dogs but not cats?
4-MP (4- methylpyrazole)
organophosphate toxicity MOA, CS, Tx
inhibits acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs such as hypersalivation, incoordination, and bloat
tx is atropine or 2-PAAM
fleet enemas can cause high _____ which does what?
Phosphorus; which leads to decreased calcium and high sodium & potassium
tx with calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders, and insulin and dextrose if there is severe hyperkalemia
Strychine aka snail bait toxicity MOA, CS, and TX
competitively antagonizes action of glycine causing contractions of striated muscles, tx is methocarbamol
chocolate toxicity
methylxanthines (theobromine which causes cardiac arrythmias and caffeine)
causes CNS excitement, tachycardia, vasoconstriction
the highest amounts of chocolate are in unsweetened baking chocolate
acetominophen toxicity in cats
cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase which leads to methmeoglobinemia (dark brown blood) and heinz body anemia, tx with N-acetylcysteine
tx of cats with acetominophen toxicity
N-acetylcysteine
heinz body anemia causes
methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass toxicity, brassica family, zinc, acetaminophen in cats, onions, red maple leaves (in horses)
onions cause ____ ______
hemolytic anemia (seen with hemoglobinuria and hemoglobinemia– Heinz body anemia occurs due to oxidative damage to RBC’s)
what will we see with Acer rubrum toxicity in horses (red maple leaves)???
see icterus due to low oxygen content of the blood and colic
what two things are common human food items but can cause renal failure in dogs and cats? What about household plant in cats?
raisins and grapes; in cats, the lilies esp. stargazer lily causes severe acute renal failure
_______ affects PIGS (mostly) and is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by Fusarium causing hyperestrogenism and pseudopregnancy
Zealalenone
what lesion does salt poisoning cause?
perivascular infiltration of eosinophils
salt poisoning
causes perivascular infiltration of eosinophils
too much sodium in the blood causes increased osmolarity and water from the brain flows into the vasculature and causes hyperosmolar environment that draws water back into the brain, rehydrate them slowly
copper toxicity occurs in _____ from eating _____ _____ often
seen in sheep/goats eating cattle grain
copper toxicity is most common in what species?
Sheep
chronic copper toxicity in sheep causes this famous sign:
gun metal blue kidneys
what animal is very resistant to copper?
pigs
hemolytic anemia in sheep causes ______, _____ and _______
methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinemia, and hemoglobinuria
so gun metal blue kidneys and methoglobinemia occurs with chronic copper TOXICITY in sheep but what happens if there is a copper deficiency in sheep???
ataxia of lambs, swayback in young lambs (congenital), progressive ascending paralysis
grass tetany/staggers
(LOW MAGNESIUM)
cows in spring on lush pastures, stiff-legged, hyperexcitability, nystagmus, tremors, flailing
just remove them from that pasture and they should get better
also milk tetany in calves with too little Mg2+
LOW magnesium, high potassium and nitrogen
moldy red clover aka _______ causes ______
Aka Slaframine causes hypersalivation
oak leaves and acorns cause what in cattle but not horses? What does it cause in horses?
renal damage in cows but not horses; in horses causes hemorrhagic diarrhea, tenesmus (feeling like you need to poop but nothing comes out), colic, death
what does tenesmus mean
feeling like you have to poop but nothing produced
cantharidin aka blister beetle toxicity
COLICKING in horses, cardiovascular shock, endotoxic shock, renal failure, vesicles in mouth or tongue – watery diarrhea, neuro signs if live long enough
Renal tubular damage (may see hematuria), cardiac arryhthmias
Abrupt onset of colic, fever, hypersalivation, frequent urination, hematuria
Claviceps purpura aka ______ is a parasitic fungus causing what? Where is it found?
aka ergotism; found on rye, oats, wheat, and KY bluegrass; causes alkaloids which causes vascular constriction, thrombosis, gangrene, colic, overall GI signs
you will find ergot in the grain!!!
Blue green algae is a toxin absorbed through mucous membranes causes post-synaptic depolarizing block causing what CS?
Ptyalism, bradycardia, miosis, diarrhea, ataxia, convulsions, and death– can die within minutes
nightshade toxins cause _____ signs
CNS
water hemlock LEAVES cause what CS?
Gran mal seizures, salivation, tachypnea, birth defects (similar to lupine toxicity)
perennial ryegrass causes what CS as a result of activating what? RYEGRASS STAGGERS
Causes ataxia and tremors as a result of activating GABA receptors
RYE GRASS STAGGERS
lead poisoning can be from what common item?
contaminated petroleum products
lead poisoning TX
TX- use calcium EDTA to chelate it
Sorghum causes what famous lesion?
myelomalacia of lower SC
yellow star thistle causes what famous lesion???
Nicropallidal encephalomalacia
what are the CS of yellow star thistle from Nicropallidal encephalomalacia???
loss of ability to prehend food, GRAVE prognosis, euth rec.
what are the different reproductive toxins?
-False helbore
-Locoweeds
-Fescue
-Lupine
-Ponderosa needles
False helbore aka ____ ____ has what teratrogen causing cyclopia, anophthalmos, celft palate, and metacarpal hypoplasia
aka ventrum californicum; has a teratogen called cyclopamine
locoweeds cause what birth defects?
abortions, weak lambs, bent legs and neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation
what weeds are reproductive toxins that are most commonly seen in the west with very dry conditions in the Rocky Mtns for example???
Locoweeds
lupine reproductive toxicity causing
crooked calf disease from arthrogyposis, malpositioning in the uterus, and cleft palate
what is the dopamine agonist called in fescue that causes decreased prolactin, prolonged gestation, agalactiae, thickened placenta, dystocia, and weak or stillborn foals???
Ergopeptine alkaloids
what reproductive toxin causes abortions in the LAST trimester and retained placenta???
Ponderosa pine needles
what toxin causes coagulopathy issues in the sense that it causes bone marrow suppression, hematuria, and polio
bracken fern
bracken fern contains what neurotoxins?
contains toxic glycosides (Ptaquiloside) and thiaminase
bracken fern causes polio in cattle moreso than in horses T/F
False, causes polioencephalomalacia moreso in horses than in cattle
cyanide toxicity
bright red mucous membranes, cyanide will block cellular respiration and oxidative transport, bitter almond smell to the GI tract
tx for cyanide toxicity
sodium thiosulfate, sodium nitrate, methylene blue
what two things cause cherry red mucous membranes in large animal?
Cyanide and carbon monoxide
Nitrates cause blood to be ____ in color
brown
moldy sweet clover is a _____ ____ _______
vitamin K antagonist
moldy sweet clover contains ______ which does what???
dicumarol that acts as a vit K antagonist (like Warfarin rodenticide) so causes hemorrhage and prolonged PT time
what are all of the cardiac toxins?
milkweed, gossypol (in cottonseeds), oleander, rhododendron, foxglove, white snakeroot, ionophores in horses
ionophores aka monensin aka coccidiostats used in cattle are toxic to horses and cause…..
myocardial necrosis and DCM
tx with emptying the GI tract, mineral oil, and activated charcoal with fluid therapy
what are the pulmonary toxins???
Perilla mint, moldy sweet potatoes, brassica plants
what causes type 1 pneumocyte and bronchial epithelial cells to be compromised causing atypical interstitial pneumonia with permanent fibrosis of the lungs as an end results?
Perilla mint (which contains 4-ipomeanol and causes atypical interstitial pneumonia)
brassica plants are respiratory toxins and include what plants?
rape, kale, turnips
brassica plants cause what in cattle?
Cause fog fever (acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema, grunting and cyanosis) APEE
what is the agent in brassica plants that makes them such bad respiratory toxins?
tryptophan which is converted to 3-methyl-indole (3-MI)
A 6 y/o cow was moved onto lush pasture and now has frothy nasal discharge with SubQ emphysema, loud coughing and open mouth breathing with crackles and wheezes. You diagnose it with interstitial pneumonia. What is at the top of the ddx list?
Brassica plant causing fog fever via tryptophan which is converted to 3-methyl-indole
what are the hepatic toxins?
pyrrolizidine alkaloids, aflatoxins
Pyyrolizidine alkaloids aka fiddleneck, common groundsel, ragwort, senecio
CS and Diagnosis
Inhibit mitosis of hepatocytes so can’t multiple – acute liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, icterus
Diagnostic = megalocytosis, periportal fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia
May also see secondary photosensitization = sunburned white areas on skin
Aflatoxin is a ____ causing similar lesions to pyrrolidizine alkaloids and is primarily found where?
mycotoxin; is primarily found in moldy grains
aflatoxins are mycotoxins that cause subacute ______ necrosis/fibrosis
hepatic
