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Comprehensive guide NAVLE > Toxins > Flashcards

Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

what toxin causes a rapid release of insulin causing hypoglycemia?

A

Xylitol

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2
Q

Latrodectus mectans and Latrodectus hesperus is what and what does it cause?

A

Black widow spider; causes acetylcholine to bind calcium channels and leads to ascending motor paralysis and destruction of peripheral nerves

p will be recumbent, vocalizing in pain with muscle spasms and death from respiratory/CV failure

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3
Q

warfarin is a rodenticide and affects that coagulation factors?

A

Factors 2, 7, 9, 10 and PT will be prolonged first because the shortest half life is Factor 7 and is part of that pathway (extrinsic)

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4
Q

what rodenticide toxin causes fatal hypercalcemia?

A

cholecalciferol

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5
Q

what can we use to help correct the effects of ethylene glycol toxicity that we use in dogs but not cats?

A

4-MP (4- methylpyrazole)

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6
Q

organophosphate toxicity MOA, CS, Tx

A

inhibits acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs such as hypersalivation, incoordination, and bloat

tx is atropine or 2-PAAM

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7
Q

fleet enemas can cause high _____ which does what?

A

Phosphorus; which leads to decreased calcium and high sodium & potassium

tx with calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders, and insulin and dextrose if there is severe hyperkalemia

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8
Q

Strychine aka snail bait toxicity MOA, CS, and TX

A

competitively antagonizes action of glycine causing contractions of striated muscles, tx is methocarbamol

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9
Q

chocolate toxicity

A

methylxanthines (theobromine which causes cardiac arrythmias and caffeine)
causes CNS excitement, tachycardia, vasoconstriction
the highest amounts of chocolate are in unsweetened baking chocolate

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10
Q

acetominophen toxicity in cats

A

cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase which leads to methmeoglobinemia (dark brown blood) and heinz body anemia, tx with N-acetylcysteine

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11
Q

tx of cats with acetominophen toxicity

A

N-acetylcysteine

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12
Q

heinz body anemia causes

A

methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass toxicity, brassica family, zinc, acetaminophen in cats, onions, red maple leaves (in horses)

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13
Q

onions cause ____ ______

A

hemolytic anemia (seen with hemoglobinuria and hemoglobinemia– Heinz body anemia occurs due to oxidative damage to RBC’s)

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14
Q

what will we see with Acer rubrum toxicity in horses (red maple leaves)???

A

see icterus due to low oxygen content of the blood and colic

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15
Q

what two things are common human food items but can cause renal failure in dogs and cats? What about household plant in cats?

A

raisins and grapes; in cats, the lilies esp. stargazer lily causes severe acute renal failure

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16
Q

_______ affects PIGS (mostly) and is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by Fusarium causing hyperestrogenism and pseudopregnancy

A

Zealalenone

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17
Q

what lesion does salt poisoning cause?

A

perivascular infiltration of eosinophils

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18
Q

salt poisoning

A

causes perivascular infiltration of eosinophils

too much sodium in the blood causes increased osmolarity and water from the brain flows into the vasculature and causes hyperosmolar environment that draws water back into the brain, rehydrate them slowly

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19
Q

copper toxicity occurs in _____ from eating _____ _____ often

A

seen in sheep/goats eating cattle grain

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20
Q

copper toxicity is most common in what species?

A

Sheep

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21
Q

chronic copper toxicity in sheep causes this famous sign:

A

gun metal blue kidneys

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22
Q

what animal is very resistant to copper?

A

pigs

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23
Q

hemolytic anemia in sheep causes ______, _____ and _______

A

methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinemia, and hemoglobinuria

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24
Q

so gun metal blue kidneys and methoglobinemia occurs with chronic copper TOXICITY in sheep but what happens if there is a copper deficiency in sheep???

A

ataxia of lambs, swayback in young lambs (congenital), progressive ascending paralysis

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25
Q

grass tetany/staggers

A

(LOW MAGNESIUM)

cows in spring on lush pastures, stiff-legged, hyperexcitability, nystagmus, tremors, flailing
just remove them from that pasture and they should get better

also milk tetany in calves with too little Mg2+

LOW magnesium, high potassium and nitrogen

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26
Q

moldy red clover aka _______ causes ______

A

Aka Slaframine causes hypersalivation

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27
Q

oak leaves and acorns cause what in cattle but not horses? What does it cause in horses?

A

renal damage in cows but not horses; in horses causes hemorrhagic diarrhea, tenesmus (feeling like you need to poop but nothing comes out), colic, death

28
Q

what does tenesmus mean

A

feeling like you have to poop but nothing produced

29
Q

cantharidin aka blister beetle toxicity

A

COLICKING in horses, cardiovascular shock, endotoxic shock, renal failure, vesicles in mouth or tongue – watery diarrhea, neuro signs if live long enough

Renal tubular damage (may see hematuria), cardiac arryhthmias

Abrupt onset of colic, fever, hypersalivation, frequent urination, hematuria

30
Q

Claviceps purpura aka ______ is a parasitic fungus causing what? Where is it found?

A

aka ergotism; found on rye, oats, wheat, and KY bluegrass; causes alkaloids which causes vascular constriction, thrombosis, gangrene, colic, overall GI signs

you will find ergot in the grain!!!

31
Q

Blue green algae is a toxin absorbed through mucous membranes causes post-synaptic depolarizing block causing what CS?

A

Ptyalism, bradycardia, miosis, diarrhea, ataxia, convulsions, and death– can die within minutes

32
Q

nightshade toxins cause _____ signs

A

CNS

33
Q

water hemlock LEAVES cause what CS?

A

Gran mal seizures, salivation, tachypnea, birth defects (similar to lupine toxicity)

34
Q

perennial ryegrass causes what CS as a result of activating what? RYEGRASS STAGGERS

A

Causes ataxia and tremors as a result of activating GABA receptors

RYE GRASS STAGGERS

35
Q

lead poisoning can be from what common item?

A

contaminated petroleum products

36
Q

lead poisoning TX

A

TX- use calcium EDTA to chelate it

37
Q

Sorghum causes what famous lesion?

A

myelomalacia of lower SC

38
Q

yellow star thistle causes what famous lesion???

A

Nicropallidal encephalomalacia

39
Q

what are the CS of yellow star thistle from Nicropallidal encephalomalacia???

A

loss of ability to prehend food, GRAVE prognosis, euth rec.

40
Q

what are the different reproductive toxins?

A

-False helbore
-Locoweeds
-Fescue
-Lupine
-Ponderosa needles

41
Q

False helbore aka ____ ____ has what teratrogen causing cyclopia, anophthalmos, celft palate, and metacarpal hypoplasia

A

aka ventrum californicum; has a teratogen called cyclopamine

42
Q

locoweeds cause what birth defects?

A

abortions, weak lambs, bent legs and neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation

43
Q

what weeds are reproductive toxins that are most commonly seen in the west with very dry conditions in the Rocky Mtns for example???

A

Locoweeds

44
Q

lupine reproductive toxicity causing

A

crooked calf disease from arthrogyposis, malpositioning in the uterus, and cleft palate

45
Q

what is the dopamine agonist called in fescue that causes decreased prolactin, prolonged gestation, agalactiae, thickened placenta, dystocia, and weak or stillborn foals???

A

Ergopeptine alkaloids

46
Q

what reproductive toxin causes abortions in the LAST trimester and retained placenta???

A

Ponderosa pine needles

47
Q

what toxin causes coagulopathy issues in the sense that it causes bone marrow suppression, hematuria, and polio

A

bracken fern

48
Q

bracken fern contains what neurotoxins?

A

contains toxic glycosides (Ptaquiloside) and thiaminase

49
Q

bracken fern causes polio in cattle moreso than in horses T/F

A

False, causes polioencephalomalacia moreso in horses than in cattle

50
Q

cyanide toxicity

A

bright red mucous membranes, cyanide will block cellular respiration and oxidative transport, bitter almond smell to the GI tract

51
Q

tx for cyanide toxicity

A

sodium thiosulfate, sodium nitrate, methylene blue

52
Q

what two things cause cherry red mucous membranes in large animal?

A

Cyanide and carbon monoxide

53
Q

Nitrates cause blood to be ____ in color

A

brown

54
Q

moldy sweet clover is a _____ ____ _______

A

vitamin K antagonist

55
Q

moldy sweet clover contains ______ which does what???

A

dicumarol that acts as a vit K antagonist (like Warfarin rodenticide) so causes hemorrhage and prolonged PT time

56
Q

what are all of the cardiac toxins?

A

milkweed, gossypol (in cottonseeds), oleander, rhododendron, foxglove, white snakeroot, ionophores in horses

57
Q

ionophores aka monensin aka coccidiostats used in cattle are toxic to horses and cause…..

A

myocardial necrosis and DCM

tx with emptying the GI tract, mineral oil, and activated charcoal with fluid therapy

58
Q

what are the pulmonary toxins???

A

Perilla mint, moldy sweet potatoes, brassica plants

59
Q

what causes type 1 pneumocyte and bronchial epithelial cells to be compromised causing atypical interstitial pneumonia with permanent fibrosis of the lungs as an end results?

A

Perilla mint (which contains 4-ipomeanol and causes atypical interstitial pneumonia)

60
Q

brassica plants are respiratory toxins and include what plants?

A

rape, kale, turnips

61
Q

brassica plants cause what in cattle?

A

Cause fog fever (acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema, grunting and cyanosis) APEE

62
Q

what is the agent in brassica plants that makes them such bad respiratory toxins?

A

tryptophan which is converted to 3-methyl-indole (3-MI)

63
Q

A 6 y/o cow was moved onto lush pasture and now has frothy nasal discharge with SubQ emphysema, loud coughing and open mouth breathing with crackles and wheezes. You diagnose it with interstitial pneumonia. What is at the top of the ddx list?

A

Brassica plant causing fog fever via tryptophan which is converted to 3-methyl-indole

64
Q

what are the hepatic toxins?

A

pyrrolizidine alkaloids, aflatoxins

65
Q

Pyyrolizidine alkaloids aka fiddleneck, common groundsel, ragwort, senecio

CS and Diagnosis

A

Inhibit mitosis of hepatocytes so can’t multiple – acute liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, icterus

Diagnostic = megalocytosis, periportal fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia

May also see secondary photosensitization = sunburned white areas on skin

66
Q

Aflatoxin is a ____ causing similar lesions to pyrrolidizine alkaloids and is primarily found where?

A

mycotoxin; is primarily found in moldy grains

67
Q

aflatoxins are mycotoxins that cause subacute ______ necrosis/fibrosis

A

hepatic

Comprehensive guide NAVLE (16 decks)

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