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Neuro AM > Vestibular system > Flashcards

Vestibular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vestibular system?

A

Sensory system essential to the control of posture and balance

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2
Q

Where is the vestibular system found?

A

Inner ear

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3
Q

What is the vestibular system a series of?

A

Labyrinths- fluid filled membranous tubes- embedded in temporal bone

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4
Q

What is the vestibular apparatus made up of?

A

3 semi circular canals
Utricle to which the canals connect
Saccule

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5
Q

What is the arrangement of the semicircular canals?

A

Right angles to each other (posterior, superior and horizontal)
Ampulla at bases
Connected to utricle

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6
Q

What are the ampulla of the semi circular canals?

A

Swellings at their bases containing sensory hair cells

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7
Q

What are the otolith organs?

A

Utricle and saccule

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8
Q

What do the otolith organs detect?

A

Linear acceleration

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9
Q

What is the function of the otolith organs?

A

Detect linear acceleration and encode information about the position of the head in space

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10
Q

What does the utricle detect?

A

Back/front head tilt

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11
Q

What does the saccule detect?

A

Vertical movement

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12
Q

What are the maculae?

A

Sensory apparatus of the otolith organs

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13
Q

How are the maculae in the utricle orientated?

A

Horizontal plane

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14
Q

How are the maculae in the saccule orientated?

A

Vertically

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15
Q

What is the structure of the maculae?

A

Have a set of cilia which protrude into the otolith membrane

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16
Q

What is the otolith membrane?

A

Gelatinous mass embedded with CaCO3

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17
Q

What do the semicircular canals detect?

A

Rotational acceleration

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18
Q

Where are the sensory cells of the semicircular canals?

A

Ampulla

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19
Q

What is inside the ampulla?

A

Cristae

20
Q

What do cristae consist of?

A

Capula- flexible gelatinous capula

21
Q

What responds to the movement of the endolymph in the ampulla?

A

Capula

22
Q

What is in th capula?

A

Cilia which synapse with sensory neurones of vestibular nerve

23
Q

What happens when the head moves side to side?

A

The ampulla moves instantly but endolymph does not due to the inertia

24
Q

How is side to side movement of the head detected?

A

Inertia of endolymph produces drag which bends cilia in capula, activates the sensory neurones and detects movement

25
Q

What does a sudden stop in side to side movement of he head result in?

A

Dizziness due to endolymph continuing to move and ampulla stoping

26
Q

Where does integration of position of the head take place?

A

Cerebellum

27
Q

Why are there connections between the vestibular centres of the medulla and cerebellar centres?

A

Any movement of the head displaces the centre of gravity and must be communicated from the medulla where the info is received, to the cerebellum to maintain balance

28
Q

What do vestibular system reflexes involve?

A

Vestibulocortical and vestibulospinal tracts

29
Q

What are the vestibular system reflexes?

A

Tonic labyrinthine reflexes
Dynamic righting reflexes
Vestibule-ocular reflexes

30
Q

What is the function of the tonic labyrinthine reflexes?

A

Keep axis of head in constant relationship with the rest of the body

31
Q

What information do the tonic labyrinthine reflexes use?

A

Info from maculae and neck proprioceptors

32
Q

What do the dynamic righting reflexes do?

A

Rapid postural adjustments to stop you falling when you trip

33
Q

What do the dynamic righting reflexes involve?

A

Long reflexes, involving extension of all limbs

34
Q

What are the vestibule-ocular reflexes?

A

Static reflex

Dynamic vestibular reflex

35
Q

What is the static reflex?

A

Eyes intort/extort when you tilt your head to compensate, so that over a certain range, the image stays the right way up, despite head tilt

36
Q

What is the dynamic vestibular nystagmus?

A

Series of saccadic eye movements that rotate the eye against the direction of rotation so original direction of gaze preserved despite rotation

37
Q

What is nystagmus used to test?

A

Vestibular function

38
Q

What are the 2 tests of vestibular function?

A

Post rotatory nystagmus

Caloric stimulation

39
Q

What should the results of a caloric stimulation test show?

A

Cold water= opposite nystagmus

Warm= same side

40
Q

What would the results of post rotatory nystagmus be?

A

Nystagmus one way when being spun, then the opposite while slowing down

41
Q

What affect does the visual system have on balance?

A

Sends powerful descending projections which control posture

42
Q

What is labyrinthitis?

A

Acute interference with normal vestibular function as a result of infection

43
Q

What is vertigo?

A

The perception of movement in the absence of movement

44
Q

What is Meniere’s disease?

A

overproduction of endolymph causing increased pressure

45
Q

What are the symptoms of Meniere’s disease?

A

Vertigo
Nausea
Nystagmus
Tinnitus

46
Q

What does damage to the vestibular system do?

A

Visual system compensates

47
Q

What causes nystagmus at rest?

A

Lesions of brainstem

Neuro AM (38 decks)

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