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Neuro AM > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of asleep?

A

State of consciousness from which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli

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2
Q

What s the definition of being in a coma?

A

State of consciousness from which an individual cannot be aroused and does not respond to stimuli

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3
Q

How can levels of consciousness be assessed?

A

Behaviour, general alertness, speech patterns, speech content, reading, writing and calculating skills
EEG

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4
Q

Why does sleep occur?

A

Due to active inhibitory processes that originate in the pons

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5
Q

What does destruction of the mid pons do?

A

Create a brain that never sleeps

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6
Q

Where do “sleep signals” originate?

A

reticular formation of brainstem and send projections to thalamus and higher cortical areas

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7
Q

What can electrical stimulation of the suprachiasmiatic nuclei do?

A

Promote sleep

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8
Q

What does activity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei do?

A

Stimulates release of melatonin from pineal gland

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9
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in the sleep cycle?

A

Releases orexin, which is required for wakefullness

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10
Q

What causes narcolepsy?

A

Defective orexin signalling

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11
Q

What happens during wakefulness?

A

Excitarory neurons in the ascending reticular activating system of the reticular formation are released due to inhibition of sleep centres, activating excitatory pathway in the CNS and PNS

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12
Q

What happens during sleep?

A

Active cells in the ascending reticular activating system of the reticular formation become fatigued and excitatory signs fade
Inhibitory peptides from sleep centres in the reticular formation take over and cause sleep

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13
Q

What happens during waking up?

A

Inhibitory peptides from sleep centres in the reticular formation fatigue and excitatory signals in the ascending reticular activating system of the reticular formation take over

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14
Q

What can the waves of an EEG be analysed by?

A

Amplitude

Frequency

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15
Q

What are the 4 main types of wave pattern of an EEG?

A

Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta

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16
Q

When are alpha waves seen on an EEG?

A

In relaxed, awake state

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17
Q

What is the appearance of alpha waves?

A

High frequency, high amplitude

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18
Q

When are beta waves seen on an EEG?

A

In alert awake state

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19
Q

What is the appearance on beta waves on an EEG?

A

High frequency, low amplitude asynchronous waves

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20
Q

Why do beta waves on an EEG wave show low amplitude?

A

Opposing polarities of signals cancel each other out and do not record on the EEG

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21
Q

When are theta waves seen on an EEG?

A

Times of emotional stress, frustration and sleep in adults

Sleep in children

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22
Q

What is the appearance of theta waves on an EEG?

A

Low frequency waves varying enormously in amplitude

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23
Q

When do delta waves occur on an EEG?

A

In deep sleep

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24
Q

What is the appearance of delta waves on an EEG?

A

Very low frequency but high amplitude

25
Q

What are the 2 types of sleep?

A

Slow wave sleep

REM sleep

26
Q

What are the stages of slow wave sleep?

A

Stage 1-4

27
Q

What is stage 1 sleep?

A

slow wave non REM sleep

Slow eye movements, light sleep, easily roused

28
Q

What is stage 1 sleep seen as on an EEG?

A

High amplitude low frequency waves

29
Q

What is stage 2 sleep?

A

Eye movements stop

30
Q

What is stage 2 sleep seen as on an EEG?

A

High amplitude, very slow frequency theta waves but with bursts of rapid waves called sleep spindles

31
Q

What is stage 3 sleep seen as on an EEG?

A

High amplitude very slow delta waves interspersed with episodes of faster waves

32
Q

What is stage 4 sleep seen as on an EEG?

A

Only delta waves

33
Q

What stages of sleep is it difficult to rouse someone from?

A

Stages 3 and 4

34
Q

When does sleep walking/talking occur?

A

In stages 3 and 4

35
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

sleep during with there are rapid eye movements, dreams occur

36
Q

What is REM sleep seen as on an EEG?

A

fast waves, eerily similar to those in an awake state

37
Q

What are the physiological characteristics of slow wave sleep?

A

Decreased vascular tone and BP, respiratory and base metabolic rate
Dreams can occur but are rarely remembered

38
Q

What are the physiological characteristics of REM sleep?

A

Dreams occur
Eye muscles show bursts of rapid activity
Profound inhibition of other skeletal muscles
HR and RR irregular
Brain metabolism increases

39
Q

What causes inhibition of skeletal muscles during REM sleep?

A

Inhibitory projections from pons to spinal cord

40
Q

What do sleep deprived subjects demonstrate?

A

Impairment of cognitive function and physical performance
Sluggishness
Irritability
Possible psychosis

41
Q

What does sleep support?

A 
Neuronal activity
Learning and memory
Cognition
Clearance of waste products from CNS
Conservation of energy
Immune function
42
Q

What is the effect of sleep on cerebral O2 demand?

A

May increase, esp in REM sleep

43
Q

What are the changes in sleep throughout life?

A

Total sleep time rapidly decreases throughout childhood and adolescence
Percentage of REM sleep decreases

44
Q

What is the % of REM sleep in babies through over 80s?

A

50% babies
Stable 25% in adulthood
May be absent in over 80s

45
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Chronic inability to obtain the necessary amount or quality of sleep to maintain adequate daytime behaviour

46
Q

What is it important to distinguish between in insomnia?

A

Chronic primary insomnia

Temporary secondary insomnia

47
Q

What is chronic primary insomnia?

A

No identifiable cause or pathology

48
Q

What is temporary secondary insomnia?

A

In response to pain, bereavement or other crisis

49
Q

When are nightmares normally seen?

A

During REM sleep, typically quite far on through the night

50
Q

What happens upon waking from a nightmare?

A

Stops but a clear recollection will remain

51
Q

When are night terrors normally seen?

A

Deep, delta sleep early in the night

52
Q

Who are night terrors typically seen in?

A

3-8 year olds

53
Q

What happens during/after a night terror?

A

Thrashing, screaming
May sit or stand up
May open eyes but fail to recognise people
No memory of episode on waking

54
Q

When does somnambulism (sleepwalking) occur?

A

non REM sleep, normally stage 4

55
Q

Who is sleep walking normally seen in?

A

Children and young adults

56
Q

What happens turing somnambulism?

A

Eyes open, can see and will avoid objects
Can carry out relatively complex activities and often obey instructions
No memory of event when waking

57
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

patients enter directly into REM sleep with little warning

58
Q

What is narcolepsy linked to?

A

Dysfunctional orexin release from hypothalamus

59
Q

What controls the circadian rhythm?

A

Neurons in the suprachiasmic nucleus of hypothalamus

Neuro AM (38 decks)

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