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Neuro AM > Applied anatomy and physiology of the eye and orbit > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology of the eye and orbit Flashcards

1
Q

What bones form the orbit?

A 
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Frontal
Maxilla
Zygomatic
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2
Q

What are the fissures and foramen of the orbit?

A

Optic foramen
Superior orbital tissue
Inferior orbital fissure
Infraorbital groove

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3
Q

What are th cranial nerves that supply the eye?

A

II, III, IV, VI

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4
Q

Where does the optic nerve run?

A

Passes back from the eyeball, from the back of th retina

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5
Q

What does the optic nerve carry?

A

Visual impulses

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6
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

All bar 2 of the muscles of the eye and the levitator muscle of the eyelid

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7
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve carry?

A

Sympathetic fibres which synapse at the ciliary ganglion in the orbit

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8
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve arise?

A

Dorsal part of the midbrain

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9
Q

What does the trochlear nerve supply?

A

Superior oblique muscle

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10
Q

What does the abducent nerve supply?

A

Lateral rectus

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11
Q

What are the anatomical relations of the eye?

A

Frontal, ethmoid and maxillary air sinuses

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12
Q

What are the 3 coats of the eye?

A

Fibrous, vascular and sensory coat

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13
Q

What does the fibrous coat consist of?

A

Cornea and sclera

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14
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent window to allow light rays to enter the eyeball

Anterior 1/6 of fibrous coat

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15
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Opaque posterior 5/6 of fibrous coat

Gives attachment to muscles moving the eyeball

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16
Q

What are the components of the vascular coat?

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

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17
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controls the diameter of the pupil ad thereby the amount of light rays entering the eyeball

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18
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

Suspends the lens

Produces aqueous humor

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19
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Supplies blood to the outer layers of the retina

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20
Q

What is in the sensory coat?

A

Retina

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21
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Has light sensitive rods and cones which enable us to see

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22
Q

How does the cornea get nutrition?

A

Diffusion from tearful and sclera

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23
Q

What is the epithelium of the cornea?

A

Stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium

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24
Q

What is the Bowman’s membrane?

A

Basement membrane of corneal epithelium

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25
Q

What does injury to the Bowman’s membrane cause?

A

Scar tissue formation

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26
Q

What is the storm?

A

Regularly arranged collagen with no blood vessels

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27
Q

What does the pump in the cornea do?

A

Keeps aqueous humor out

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28
Q

Why must the aqueous humor be kept out of the stroma?

A

Fluid would disrupt the collagen fibres and reduce transparency

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29
Q

Why is avascularity important in the cornea?

A

Immune privileged site- lesser chance of foreign antigens being recognised by recipient in transplant

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30
Q

What is the function of the aqueous humor?

A

Maintains pressure inside the eyeball

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31
Q

Where is the aqueous humor produced?

A

Ciliary epithelium of the ciliary body

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32
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

Control shape of the lens

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33
Q

How many layers of the retina are there?

A

10

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34
Q

What are the most important retinal layers?

A

Nerve fire layer
Layer of rods and cones
Pigment epithelial layer

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35
Q

What is the choroid made up of?

A

Fenestrated blood vessels of varying diameter

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36
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Supply the outer layers of the retina with blood by diffusion

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37
Q

Where does the inner retina get blood supply from?

A

Branches of the central retinal artery

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38
Q

What is the lens?

A

Transparent crystalline biconvex structure which is suspended by zones from the ciliary body

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39
Q

How is the transparency of the lens retained?

A

Avascular

40
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

Lateral in the orbit

41
Q

Where do the lacrimal gland ducts open into?

A

Conjuctival sac

42
Q

What is the innervation of the lacrimal gland?

A

Parasympathetic innervation from the facial nerve

43
Q

Where do tears drain?

A

Through punctae on the medial side of each eyelid

44
Q

Where does the punctae drain to?

A

Lacrimal sac, which sits over the lacrimal bone, then through the nasolacrimal duct to the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

45
Q

What are the functions of the tear film?

A

Keep cornea moist
Wash away particulate foreign bodies
Kill microbes with antibodies and lysosomes
Smooths outer surface of cornea providing smooth surface for refraction

46
Q

What is the structure of the tear film?

A

3 layers, mucinous, aqueous and oily

47
Q

What % of the tear film does each component make up?

A 
Mucinous= 30%
Aqueous= 69%
Oily= 1%
48
Q

What is the stimulatory innervation of the tear film?

A

Parasympathetic via VII

49
Q

What happens to the tear film when the eyes are open?

A

The middle aqueous component begins to evaporate and the oily layer and mucin layer come close together

50
Q

What stimulates a blink?

A

When the mucin and oily layers of the tear film touch

51
Q

What are the 2 types of ocular muscles?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

52
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Control pupil diameter and help alter lens curvature

53
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Ciliaris muscle
Constrictor pupillae
Dilator pupillae

54
Q

What is the innervation of the ciliaris muscle and where does it lie?

A

Parasympathetic innervation from oculomotor nerve

Lies in ciliary body

55
Q

What is the innervation of the constrictor papillae and where does it lie?

A

Parasympathetic innervation from oculomotor nerve

Lies in iris and pupillary border

56
Q

What is the innervation of the dilator papillae and where does it lie?

A

Sympathetic innervation from plexus

Radially running muscle in iris

57
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Move the eye

58
Q

Wat is the innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Oculomotor, with 2 exceptions
LR= abducent
SO= trochlear

59
Q

Wha are the 4 straight muscles of the eye?

A

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus

60
Q

What are the 2 oblique muscles of the eye?

A

Superior oblique

Inferior oblique

61
Q

Where does the superior oblique arise and insert?

A

Arises fou lesser wing of sphenoid

Inserts into sclera posteriorly

62
Q

What is the innervation of the superior oblique?

A

Trochlear nerve

63
Q

Where des the inferior oblique arise and insert?

A

Arises from floor of orbit anteriorly

Inserts into sclera posteriorly

64
Q

Where do the rectus muscles arise and insert?

A

Arise from the apex of the orbit from an annular fibrous ring
Insert into sclera anteriorly

65
Q

What muscle runs to the upper eyelid to elevate it?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

66
Q

Where does the levitator palpebrae superioris arise and insert?

A

Arises from roof of orbit

Inserts into upper eyelid

67
Q

What are the funicular eye movements?

A

Elevation
Depression
Adduction
Abduction

68
Q

What is abduction of the eyes?

A

Looking laterally

69
Q

What is adduction of the eyes?

A

Looking medially, towards the nose

70
Q

What are the binocular movements?

A

Dextro elevation
Levo elevation
Dextrodepression
Levodepression

71
Q

What are dextro elevation and dextro depression?

A

Up or down ad to the right

72
Q

What are levoelevation and levodepression?

A

Up or down and to the left

73
Q

What are the movements of the medial rectus?

A

Adduction

74
Q

What are the movements of the lateral rectus?

A

Abduction

75
Q

What are the movements of the superior rectus?

A

Elevation
adduction
Intorsion

76
Q

What are the movements of the inferior rectus?

A

Depression
Adduction
Extorsion

77
Q

What are the movements of the superior oblique?

A

Intorsion
Depression
Abduction

78
Q

What are the movements of the inferior oblique?

A

Extorsion
Elevation
Abduction

79
Q

What is a strabismus?

A

squint

Misalignment of the eyes

80
Q

What are the kinds of squint?

A

Esotropia

Exotropia

81
Q

What is esotropia?

A

Convergent squint

82
Q

What is exotropia?

A

Divergent squint

83
Q

What are the functional consequences of strabismus?

A

Amblyopia

Diplopia

84
Q

What is amblyopia?

A

Lazy eye

85
Q

What happens in amblyopia?

A

Brain suppresses image in one eye, leading to poor vision in one eye without any pathology

86
Q

How is amblyopia treated in the early years?

A

Eye patch to stimulate lazy eye to work

87
Q

What is diplopia?

A

Double vision

88
Q

When does diplopia normally occur?

A

In squints occurring as a result of nerve palsy

89
Q

What is the pupillary reaction to increased illumination?

A

Parasympathetic innervation and constriction of pupils

90
Q

What is the pupillary reaction to decreased illumination?

A

Sympathetic innervation and pupils dilate

91
Q

What is anisocoria?

A

Pupils are different sizes

92
Q

What is Horners syndrome?

A

ANisocoria due to sympathetic nerve damage

93
Q

What are the causes of Pupils reactions abnormally to light?

A

Diseases of retina, optic nerve or CN III

94
Q

What are the forms of damage to the retina?

A

Detachment
Degeneration
Dystrophy

95
Q

How do the eyes form embryologically?

A

Optic vesicles grow outwards from the diencephalic part of the neural tube towards the surface ectoderm

Neuro AM (38 decks)

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