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Neuro AM > Head injury > Flashcards

Head injury Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic injury types?

A 
Bruises
Abrasions
Lacerations
Incisions
Thermal injuries
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2
Q

What causes a bruise?

A

Blunt force to skin and tissues cause damage to blood vessels which beed into subcutaneous tissue

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3
Q

What is a black eye?

A

Periorbital contusion

Form of bruising, not necessarily due to injury of the eye

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4
Q

How can black eyes be caused by injuries elsewhere?

A

Blood will track within the tissues to the looser areas and in planes which it can move

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5
Q

Why is injury directly to the eye often not the cause of a black eye?

A

Eye and inner orbit protected by bony contisions

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6
Q

What should 2 black eyes suggest?

A

Injury further up head or intracranially

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7
Q

What are abrasions?

A

Injuries to the superficial part of the skin the normally heal without any scarring

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8
Q

What is a laceration?

A

Split or tear at the weakest point in the skin caused by a blunt force injury

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9
Q

What may there be in a laceration?

A

Injury around the tear

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10
Q

What is an incision?

A

Sharp force wound caused by a cutting force, i.e. scalpel, over a very small area

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11
Q

What is involved in an incision?

A

Only the parts you can see are damaged i.e. the incision itself

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12
Q

What are the types of skull fracture?

A

Ring
Fissure
Depressed
Hairline

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13
Q

What causes a ring fracture?

A

Considerable energy transferred to skull, which will travel within and throughout the bone, causing a fracture all the way round the skull

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14
Q

What can a ring fracture cause?

A

Diastasis of sutures

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15
Q

What parts of the skull are more susceptible to participating in a ring fracture?

A

Sutures between strong and weak bone

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16
Q

What is a fissure fracture?

A

Crack, not extending all the way around the skull, but extending beyond the point of impact- usually a blunt force trauma

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17
Q

What is a depressed fracture?

A

Part of bone has been pushed inwards by application of force

18
Q

What typically happens at an area of localised blunt force?

A

Communution and depression of fragments

19
Q

What is a hairline fracture?

A

Small barely visible fracture, only requiring treatment if they impinge on other structures

20
Q

What is a hairline fracture impinging on the nose important?

A

Portal for infection

21
Q

What is the epidural face?

A

Potential space between the skull and dura

22
Q

What causes an epidural haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding miningeal- usually middle meningeal- arteries which are damaged during a head injury

23
Q

What are epidural haematomas associated with?

A

Skull fracture

24
Q

What can an epidural haematoma lead to?

A

Deepening unconsciousness

Death

25
Q

What is present in the subdural space?

A

Emissary veins

26
Q

What causes a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Brain moving in relation to skull, causing the emissary veins to stretch and burst

27
Q

What are the majority of subdural haemorrhages caused by?

A

Head suddenly stopping moving, but brain has momentum and keeps going

28
Q

Who can get a non-traumatic subdural haematoma?

A

Older people can get a chronic subdural haematoma, which can often be misdiagnosed as just ageing or dementia

29
Q

What are the types of subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Spontaneous

Traumatic

30
Q

What causes a spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured aneurysm

31
Q

What causes a traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Sudden movement of head wth accelerational and rotational components, causing vertebral artery damage

32
Q

What is the prognosis for a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Immediate death, or death within a few minutes

33
Q

What are the types of intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

Cortical contusion
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Diffuse axonal injury

34
Q

What causes cortical contusion?

A

Brain hitting the skull and causing bruising

35
Q

What are the 2 types of cortical contusion?

A

Coup

COntrecoup

36
Q

What are coup and countercoup cortical contusions?

A

COup- bruising where the direct blow struck the head

Contrecoup- further cortical contusion opposite where the initial force was

37
Q

What can cause intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

Natural disease

Traumatic

38
Q

What are some examples of natural disease that can cause intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

Hypertension
AV anomaly
Amyloid angiopathy

39
Q

What is diffuse axonal injury?

A

Brain is totally disrupted, all the neurones suffer

Can cause deep haemorrhage

40
Q

What causes diffuse axonal injury?

A

Normally shaking

Neuro AM (38 decks)

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