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Anatomy II > vessels > Flashcards

vessels Flashcards

1
Q

types of arteries

A

elastic

muscular

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2
Q

elastic arteries

A

walls have elastic CT
continue to push pressure, dont drop bp
get blood directly from heart
largest diameter of arteries, lowest resistance

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3
Q

muscular arteries

A

made of smooth muscle

smaller diameter than elastic

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4
Q

vessel types blood goes through in order (from heart)

A 
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venues
veins
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5
Q

site of gaseous/nutrient exchange

A

capillaries

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6
Q

layers of capillaries

A

tunica interna only

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7
Q

layers of blood vessels

A

tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa

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8
Q

tunica interna

A

superficial layer of vessel; lines lumen

made of simple squamous epithelium- v connected, v smooth (low friction)

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9
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer; made of smooth muscle (contractile)

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10
Q

how is tunica media different in arteries?

A

it is thicker and has elastic fibers

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11
Q

tunica externa

A

outer layer; has lots of collagen

anchors vessels in place

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12
Q

vasa vasorum

A

blood vessels in tunic external of v thick blood vessels (so far from lumen they cant get good enough supply!)

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13
Q

why does body want to constrict certain blood vessels sometimes?

A

make blood go a certain way or change bp in that area

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14
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic blood vessels with a diameter so small blood vessels have to go through single-file
3 types

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15
Q

pericytes

A

extra cells located along capillary that attach and stabilize capillary wall
(because cap wall is only t. interna)

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16
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid

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17
Q

continuous capillaries

A

endothelial cells tightly joined; only fluids can pass through
fluids can also be exchanged by cells in wall (pinocytic vesicles)

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18
Q

most common type of capillary- found almost everywhere

A

continuous

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19
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

wherever there is absorption/filtration

endocrine organ, intestines, kidney

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20
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

cells of walls have “fenestrations” (pores) that are more permeable for increased exchange
doesnt allow big things through, though

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21
Q

where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

spleen, liver, bone marrow

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22
Q

sinusoidal capillaries

A

cell walls contain much larger pores called sinusoids

proteins and cells can pass through

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23
Q

components of capillary bed

A 
terminal arteriole
metarteriole
thoroughfare channel
post capillary venule
vascular shunt
true capillaries
precapillary sphincter
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24
Q

terminal arteriole

A

delivers blood to capillary bed

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25
metarteriole
arteriole side of vascular shunt
26
thoroughfare channel
venue side of vascular shunt
27
post capillary venule
receives blood from capillary bed
28
vascular shunt
"shortcut" how blood gets through capillary bed
29
true capillaries
rest of capillary bed (other than shunt) | there can be 10s or 100s of true capillaries
30
precapillary sphincter
regulatory structure that can open/close in each true capillary
31
T/F long distance running increases # of capillary beds
true
32
how can capillary beds function as microcirculation controller?
if tissue around cap bed needs more O2 or nutrients, we send more blood to those tissues by opening true capillaries and closing true capillaries in other areas
33
characteristics of arteries
``` thick walls small lumen thicker tunica media lower blood volume higher blood pressure no valves ```
34
characteristics of veins
``` thin walls larger lumen thinner tunica media higher blood volume lower blood pressure venous valves ```
35
venous valves
assist blood to get back to heart under low pressure
36
varicose veins
happen when blood pools if you stand in place too long too often
37
__% of blood is in veins at any given moment
65
38
3 vein modifications to help blood get back to heart under low pressure
1. muscular pump 2. respiratory pump 3. valves
39
muscular pump of veins
aids in low pressure blood getting back to heart using skeletal muscle muscle contraction pushes against blood vessel --> pushes blood forward
40
respiratory pump of veins
when chest expands when we breather, pressure difference increases so blood seeps into chest cavity
41
veins closest to heart in thoracic cavity have ___ bp
lowest
42
collateral channels
part of anastomoses | can be anywhere that needs increased blood supply
43
blood flow
volume of blood that flows through any part of body at any given time constant through whole body but changes where to
44
blood flow is directly proportional to ____
differences in bp | higher difference in bp, more blood flows
45
blood flow is inversely proportional to ____
peripheral resistance
46
peripheral resistance
opposition to flow due to friction (more friction if smaller diameter)
47
of blood pressure and blood resistance, which is the major regulatory mechanism?
resistance
48
factors that affect peripheral resistance
blood viscosity vessel length vessel diameter
49
main factor that affects peripheral resistance
vessel diameter
50
blood viscosity
more elements in blood --> higher blood viscosity | cannot be changed in an instant
51
vessel length
longer blood vessels --> more resistance -> slower flow | cannot be changed in an instant
52
vessel diameter
increased diameter --> decreased resistance --> increased flow can change quickly by sending nervous impulses to cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation
53
pulse pressure ___ as you go further from heart
narrows
54
pulse pressure is gone by ____
arterioles
55
blood pressure ____ as we move further from initial heartbeat
decreases
56
steepest drop in blood pressure occurs where?
arterioles
57
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
pressure that propels blood to tissues (more blood goes to areas with lower MAP) MAP= diast. pressure + (pulse pressure/3)
58
most mechanisms that affect blood pressure control regulate changes in __-term
short
59
only long term blood pressure regulator
renal regulation
60
how to counteract brief bp fluctuations
alter blood distributions to respond to needs alter vessel diameter vasomotor center
61
altering blood distributions to respond to needs
how we change flow of blood through capillary bed increase amount by opening true cap.; decrease by closing and flowing blood through vascular shunt increase blood somewhere = increase bp
62
altering vessel diameter
dilation --> decreased bp; constriction --> increased bp send nervous impulse to tunica media; vasomotor center sends sympathetic nerve fibers to cause vasoconstriction
63
when altering vessel diameter, how does body maintain same systemic bp?
localized change in bp is accounted for by opposite change somewhere else in body
64
vasomotor center
constant neural impulses coming from vasomotor center cause blood vessels to be partially constricted most of the time allows for greater dilation when we need
65
reflex arcs
neural reflex arc | chemical reflex arc
66
neural reflex arc is based on
pressure difference
67
chemical reflex arc is based on
concentration difference
68
neural reflex arc
(if pressure incr) - baroreceptors detect change in pressure as blood flows out of heart; sends signal to vasomotor center - vasomotor center inhibited - peripheral resistance decreases - pressure drops
69
side effects of neural reflex arc
``` venous return drops cardiac output drops HR drops contractile force drops MAP drops ```
70
results of side effects of neural reflex arc
- low MAP initiates vasoconstriction and increased CO | - BP increases
71
chemical reflex arc
- chemoreceptors detect drop in O2 level or pH or increase in CO2 - cardioaccelatory center stimulated - vasomotor center stimulated - bp increases
72
detecting levels of certain chemicals can cause _________; release of certain chemicals can cause _________
auto regulatory event; change in bp
73
how do epinephrine and norepinephrine affect control of bp
vasoconstriction or vasodilation in response to certain stressors can be neural or from adrenal medulla
74
how does ANP affect control of bp
if bp increases, pressure inside atria increases --> atria releases ANP ANP causes increase urinary output --> changes blood volume, decreases bp
75
how does ADH affect control of bp
decreased bp causes hypothalamus to stimulate posterior pituitary to make ADH ADH causes increased resorption in kidneys --> decreased urinary output --> increased bp
76
how does Angiotensin II affect control of bp
angiotensin II produced by renin from kidneys causes vasoconstriction and change in resorption in kidneys low bp causes renin to make angiotensin II which increases bp
77
how does endothelial-derived factors affect control of bp
blood vessels produce EDFs EDFs are chemicals that change vessel diameter some constrict some dilate
78
how does inflammatory chemicals affect control of bp
increases diameter of vessels (vasodilator) Causes decreased bp and increased permeability of vessels ex: histamine
79
how does alcohol affect control of bp
alc shuts off ADH production --> decreases blood volume and bp inhibits vasomotor center --> vasodilation causes direct dilation of vessesl
80
how does nicotine affect control of bp
increases bp | same effects as epi and norepi
81
renal regulation of blood pressure
alters blood volume, which changes bp | changing blood volume causes kidneys to eliminate H2O
82
increased bp means ____ loss of fluid from kidneys
increased
83
direct renal mechanism
increase in bp or blood vol speeds filtration rate in kidneys
84
indirect renal mechanism
decrease in bp causes kidneys to release renin renin stimulates angiotensin ii production --> stimulates aldosterone production aldosterone causes resorption of Na bp increases

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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