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Anatomy II > vessels > Flashcards

vessels Flashcards

1
Q

types of arteries

A

elastic

muscular

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2
Q

elastic arteries

A

walls have elastic CT
continue to push pressure, dont drop bp
get blood directly from heart
largest diameter of arteries, lowest resistance

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3
Q

muscular arteries

A

made of smooth muscle

smaller diameter than elastic

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4
Q

vessel types blood goes through in order (from heart)

A 
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venues
veins
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5
Q

site of gaseous/nutrient exchange

A

capillaries

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6
Q

layers of capillaries

A

tunica interna only

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7
Q

layers of blood vessels

A

tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa

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8
Q

tunica interna

A

superficial layer of vessel; lines lumen

made of simple squamous epithelium- v connected, v smooth (low friction)

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9
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer; made of smooth muscle (contractile)

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10
Q

how is tunica media different in arteries?

A

it is thicker and has elastic fibers

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11
Q

tunica externa

A

outer layer; has lots of collagen

anchors vessels in place

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12
Q

vasa vasorum

A

blood vessels in tunic external of v thick blood vessels (so far from lumen they cant get good enough supply!)

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13
Q

why does body want to constrict certain blood vessels sometimes?

A

make blood go a certain way or change bp in that area

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14
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic blood vessels with a diameter so small blood vessels have to go through single-file
3 types

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15
Q

pericytes

A

extra cells located along capillary that attach and stabilize capillary wall
(because cap wall is only t. interna)

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16
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid

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17
Q

continuous capillaries

A

endothelial cells tightly joined; only fluids can pass through
fluids can also be exchanged by cells in wall (pinocytic vesicles)

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18
Q

most common type of capillary- found almost everywhere

A

continuous

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19
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

wherever there is absorption/filtration

endocrine organ, intestines, kidney

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20
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

cells of walls have “fenestrations” (pores) that are more permeable for increased exchange
doesnt allow big things through, though

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21
Q

where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

spleen, liver, bone marrow

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22
Q

sinusoidal capillaries

A

cell walls contain much larger pores called sinusoids

proteins and cells can pass through

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23
Q

components of capillary bed

A 
terminal arteriole
metarteriole
thoroughfare channel
post capillary venule
vascular shunt
true capillaries
precapillary sphincter
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24
Q

terminal arteriole

A

delivers blood to capillary bed

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25
Q

metarteriole

A

arteriole side of vascular shunt

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26
Q

thoroughfare channel

A

venue side of vascular shunt

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27
Q

post capillary venule

A

receives blood from capillary bed

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28
Q

vascular shunt

A

“shortcut” how blood gets through capillary bed

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29
Q

true capillaries

A

rest of capillary bed (other than shunt)

there can be 10s or 100s of true capillaries

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30
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

regulatory structure that can open/close in each true capillary

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31
Q

T/F long distance running increases # of capillary beds

A

true

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32
Q

how can capillary beds function as microcirculation controller?

A

if tissue around cap bed needs more O2 or nutrients, we send more blood to those tissues by opening true capillaries and closing true capillaries in other areas

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33
Q

characteristics of arteries

A 
thick walls
small lumen
thicker tunica media
lower blood volume
higher blood pressure
no valves
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34
Q

characteristics of veins

A 
thin walls
larger lumen
thinner tunica media
higher blood volume
lower blood pressure
venous valves
35
Q

venous valves

A

assist blood to get back to heart under low pressure

36
Q

varicose veins

A

happen when blood pools if you stand in place too long too often

37
Q

__% of blood is in veins at any given moment

A

65

38
Q

3 vein modifications to help blood get back to heart under low pressure

A
  1. muscular pump
  2. respiratory pump
  3. valves
39
Q

muscular pump of veins

A

aids in low pressure blood getting back to heart using skeletal muscle
muscle contraction pushes against blood vessel –> pushes blood forward

40
Q

respiratory pump of veins

A

when chest expands when we breather, pressure difference increases so blood seeps into chest cavity

41
Q

veins closest to heart in thoracic cavity have ___ bp

A

lowest

42
Q

collateral channels

A

part of anastomoses

can be anywhere that needs increased blood supply

43
Q

blood flow

A

volume of blood that flows through any part of body at any given time
constant through whole body but changes where to

44
Q

blood flow is directly proportional to ____

A

differences in bp

higher difference in bp, more blood flows

45
Q

blood flow is inversely proportional to ____

A

peripheral resistance

46
Q

peripheral resistance

A

opposition to flow due to friction (more friction if smaller diameter)

47
Q

of blood pressure and blood resistance, which is the major regulatory mechanism?

A

resistance

48
Q

factors that affect peripheral resistance

A

blood viscosity
vessel length
vessel diameter

49
Q

main factor that affects peripheral resistance

A

vessel diameter

50
Q

blood viscosity

A

more elements in blood –> higher blood viscosity

cannot be changed in an instant

51
Q

vessel length

A

longer blood vessels –> more resistance -> slower flow

cannot be changed in an instant

52
Q

vessel diameter

A

increased diameter –> decreased resistance –> increased flow

can change quickly by sending nervous impulses to cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation

53
Q

pulse pressure ___ as you go further from heart

A

narrows

54
Q

pulse pressure is gone by ____

A

arterioles

55
Q

blood pressure ____ as we move further from initial heartbeat

A

decreases

56
Q

steepest drop in blood pressure occurs where?

A

arterioles

57
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

pressure that propels blood to tissues (more blood goes to areas with lower MAP)

MAP= diast. pressure + (pulse pressure/3)

58
Q

most mechanisms that affect blood pressure control regulate changes in __-term

A

short

59
Q

only long term blood pressure regulator

A

renal regulation

60
Q

how to counteract brief bp fluctuations

A

alter blood distributions to respond to needs
alter vessel diameter
vasomotor center

61
Q

altering blood distributions to respond to needs

A

how we change flow of blood through capillary bed
increase amount by opening true cap.; decrease by closing and flowing blood through vascular shunt

increase blood somewhere = increase bp

62
Q

altering vessel diameter

A

dilation –> decreased bp; constriction –> increased bp

send nervous impulse to tunica media; vasomotor center sends sympathetic nerve fibers to cause vasoconstriction

63
Q

when altering vessel diameter, how does body maintain same systemic bp?

A

localized change in bp is accounted for by opposite change somewhere else in body

64
Q

vasomotor center

A

constant neural impulses coming from vasomotor center cause blood vessels to be partially constricted most of the time
allows for greater dilation when we need

65
Q

reflex arcs

A

neural reflex arc

chemical reflex arc

66
Q

neural reflex arc is based on

A

pressure difference

67
Q

chemical reflex arc is based on

A

concentration difference

68
Q

neural reflex arc

A

(if pressure incr)

  • baroreceptors detect change in pressure as blood flows out of heart; sends signal to vasomotor center
  • vasomotor center inhibited
  • peripheral resistance decreases
  • pressure drops
69
Q

side effects of neural reflex arc

A 
venous return drops
cardiac output drops
HR drops
contractile force drops
MAP drops
70
Q

results of side effects of neural reflex arc

A
  • low MAP initiates vasoconstriction and increased CO

- BP increases

71
Q

chemical reflex arc

A
  • chemoreceptors detect drop in O2 level or pH or increase in CO2
  • cardioaccelatory center stimulated
  • vasomotor center stimulated
  • bp increases
72
Q

detecting levels of certain chemicals can cause _________; release of certain chemicals can cause _________

A

auto regulatory event; change in bp

73
Q

how do epinephrine and norepinephrine affect control of bp

A

vasoconstriction or vasodilation in response to certain stressors
can be neural or from adrenal medulla

74
Q

how does ANP affect control of bp

A

if bp increases, pressure inside atria increases –> atria releases ANP
ANP causes increase urinary output –> changes blood volume, decreases bp

75
Q

how does ADH affect control of bp

A

decreased bp causes hypothalamus to stimulate posterior pituitary to make ADH
ADH causes increased resorption in kidneys –> decreased urinary output –> increased bp

76
Q

how does Angiotensin II affect control of bp

A

angiotensin II produced by renin from kidneys
causes vasoconstriction and change in resorption in kidneys
low bp causes renin to make angiotensin II which increases bp

77
Q

how does endothelial-derived factors affect control of bp

A

blood vessels produce EDFs
EDFs are chemicals that change vessel diameter
some constrict some dilate

78
Q

how does inflammatory chemicals affect control of bp

A

increases diameter of vessels (vasodilator)
Causes decreased bp and increased permeability of vessels
ex: histamine

79
Q

how does alcohol affect control of bp

A

alc shuts off ADH production –> decreases blood volume and bp
inhibits vasomotor center –> vasodilation
causes direct dilation of vessesl

80
Q

how does nicotine affect control of bp

A

increases bp

same effects as epi and norepi

81
Q

renal regulation of blood pressure

A

alters blood volume, which changes bp

changing blood volume causes kidneys to eliminate H2O

82
Q

increased bp means ____ loss of fluid from kidneys

A

increased

83
Q

direct renal mechanism

A

increase in bp or blood vol speeds filtration rate in kidneys

84
Q

indirect renal mechanism

A

decrease in bp causes kidneys to release renin
renin stimulates angiotensin ii production –> stimulates aldosterone production
aldosterone causes resorption of Na
bp increases

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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