blood Flashcards
1
Q
pH of blood
A
slightly basic (7.35-7.45)
2
Q
is blood temperature higher or lower than body temperature
A
higher
3
Q
how does blood aid in heat exchange?
A
circulation
4
Q
what % of body mass does blood make up?
A
8%
5
Q
about how much blood is in the body?
A
5L or 1.5 gal
6
Q
T/F: blood is the only fluid tissue
A
true
7
Q
is the circulatory system open or closed?
A
closed
8
Q
functions of blood
A
delivers oxygen and nutrients transports metabolic wastes out of cells maintains body temp maintains body pH maintains fluid volume prevents blood loss prevents infection
9
Q
how does blood maintain body pH?
A
bicarbonate
10
Q
how does blood maintain fluid volume?
A
liquid tissue
electrolytes
11
Q
how does blood prevent blood loss?
A
clotting
12
Q
formed elements in blood
A
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
13
Q
blood components
A
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
plasma
14
Q
main function of erythrocytes
A
carry respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
15
Q
are erythrocytes living cells?
A
no
16
Q
erythrocytes make up ____% of blood volume
A
45
17
Q
main function of leukocytes
A
immunity
18
Q
are leukocytes living cells?
A
yes
19
Q
which type of formed elements are also known as cellular fragments?
A
platelets
20
Q
platelets contain ____, with things that have ___ functions
A
vesicles; clotting
21
Q
leukocytes and platelets make up ___% of blood volume
A
1%
22
Q
plasma
A
liquid component of blood
23
Q
components of plasma
A
mostly water proteins dissolved in water metabolic waste nutrients electrolytes gases
24
Q
erythrocyte shape
A
biconcave
25
why are erythrocytes biconcave
cells that gave rise to RBCs lost nucleus and lost lots of cytoplasm
26
do erythrocytes have nucleus?
no
27
what gives erythrocytes their pigment?
hemoglobin
28
what is the function of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes?
to help remove toxic free radicals
29
hemoglobin
globin protein bound to heme pigment
30
globin
4 polypeptide chains; 2 alpha, 2 beta
| protein part of hemoglobin
31
heme
pigment of hemoglobin
| contains oxygen-binding iron
32
each molecule of hemoglobin can carry ___ molecules of iron
4
33
carbaminohemoglobin
CO2 bound to globin
| 20% of Co2 is this
34
erythrocyte disorders
anemia
| polycythemia
35
anemia
too little RBCs
| decreased O2 carrying ability
36
polycythemia
too many RBCs
| cant deliver O2 well because blood is too thick
37
erythropoiesis definition
production of RBCs
38
where does erythropoiesis occur?
red bone marrow
39
hematopoiesis
production of all 3 types of blood cells
| composition of cells dependent on body's needs
40
how much blood does the body produce per day
1 oz
41
erythropoiesis process
1. hemocytoblast produces myeloid stem cell
2. myeloid stem cell becomes proerythoblast
3. proerythroblast becomes early erythroblast
4. early erythroblast becomes late erythroblast
5. late erythroblast becomes normoblast
6. normoblast loses organelles and nucleus and becomes reticulocyte
7. reticulocytes mature in bloodstream and become erythrocytes
42
how long does erythropoiesis last? How many blood cells are produced per second?
3-5 day process
| produces 2million/second
43
all blood cell production starts from _______
hemocytoblast
44
pleuripotent
give rise to other different cells
45
first committed cell of erythropoiesis
proerythroblast
46
immature RBC
reticulocyte
47
erythropoietin
hormone produced by kidneys
| kidneys are stimulates by decreased oxygen concentration in blood
48
testosterone
stimulates kidneys to produce erythropoietin
49
why do women have lower average number of RBC?
because they have less testosterone, and because men dont lose blood monthly
50
how does dietary iron regulate erythropoiesis
stored in cells as ferritin and hemosiderin
| transported in blood as trans ferrin
51
liver storage forms of iron
ferritin and hemosiderin
52
what components regulate erythropoiesis?
```
erythropoietin
testosterone
iron
B vitamins
Dietary nutrients
```
53
which B vitamins regulate erythropoietin
B12 and folic acid
54
erythrocyte lifespan
100-120 days
55
erythrocyte breakdown process
Old erythrocytes destroyed by macrophages
Heme split from globin
Iron bound to protein and stored
Bilirubin produced
Picked up by liver and secreted as bile into intestine
Pigment (heme) degraded and expelled into feces
Globin broken down into AAs
56
Where are old erythrocytes destroyed in erythrocyte breakdown?
Spleen
57
Bilirubin is produced from broken down _____
Heme
58
Is there a greater amount of WBC or RBC?
RBC
59
Which type of blood cell is “living cells with nuclei and organelles”
Leukocytes
60
Postive chemotaxis is displayed by ____ . What is this?
Leukocytes; attraction toward certain chemicsls
61
Diapedesis
Ability of a cell to leave circulation (out of vessel) and go into interstitial space
62
Are RBCs diapedetic? Are WBCs?
No; some yes
63
Two main types of leukocytes
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
64
Types of granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
65
Types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
66
neutrophils
50-70% of WBCs
phagocytic WBCs
function during inflammatory process
67
eosinophils
2-4% of WBCs
2-lobed nucleus (constricted waist)
granules carry enzymes that attract and destroy parasitic worms
68
basophils
.5-2% of WBCs
| granules contain histamine, which attracts other WBCs
69
lymphocytes
25% of WBCs
most of cell is nucleus
mostly in lymphatic tissue
B or T lymphocytes
70
B lymphocytes
produce antibodies
71
T lymphocytes
attack infected cells or our own abnormal cells
72
monocytes
3-8% of WBCs
largest
U-shaped nucleus (not constricted at waist)
diapedesis and becomes macrophage
73
leukopoiesis
production of WBCs
74
hemocytoblasts give rise to ____ and ____
myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
75
granulocyte leukopoiesis process
1. hemocytoblast gives rise to myeloid stem cell
2. myeloid stem cells become myeloblasts
3. myeloblasts accumulate lysosomes to become promyelocytes
4. promyelocytes differentiate to become myelocytes
5. cell division stops and nuclei arch to form band cells
6. nuclei constrict and segment to form mature granulocytes
76
life span of granulocytes
1/2 day to 90 days
77
monocyte leukopoiesis
1. hemocytoblast gives rise to myeloid stem cell
2. myeloid stem cells become monoblasts
3. monoblasts become promonocytes
4. promonocytes leave bone marrow and become monocytes in lymph tissue
78
monocyte life span
up to 2 months
79
lymphocyte leukopoiesis
1. hemocytoblast becomes lymphoid stem cell
2. lymphoid stem cell becomes lymphoblast
2. lymphoblast becomes pro lymphocyte
3. pro lymphocytes leave bone marrow and become lymphocytes in lymph tissue
80
lifespan of lymphocytes
weeks to decades
81
leukopoiesis regulators
interleukins
| colony stimulating factors
82
interleukins
promote wbc action
83
most important leukopoiesis regulator
colony stimulating factor
84
leukemia
cancerous leukocyte disorder
85
infectious mononucleosis
increase in number of agranulocytes due to virus
86
leukopenia
low WBC count
87
platelets
anucleated cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytic
| granules contain clotting chemicals
88
thrombopoiesis process
1. hemocytoblasts become myeloid stem cells
2. myeloid stem cells become megakaryoblasts
3. megakaryoblasts undergo repeated mitosis, but no cytokinesis, to form megakaryocytes
4. cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes break off to become platelets
89
regulator of thromboiesis
thrombopoietin
90
what is hemostasis
blood clotting (cessation of bleeding)
91
3 steps of hemostasis
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation
92
vascular spasm
in response to damaged blood vessel, blood vessel constricts, which decreases amount of blood that can be lost
93
platelet plug
beginning of clot formation
| platelets stack at site of damage
94
coagulation
gelling of platelets at leak site
| activation of protein fibers is important; fibrin holds it all in place
95
how many different clotting proteins are there?
13
96
platelet plug formation
1. drainage to blood vessel exposes underlying collagen fibers
2. damage also releases von Willebrand factor and thromboxane A2
3. causes "glue trap" for platelets to collect and adhere at site of damage
4. once attached, thrombin activates platelets to break down and release chemical contents (clotting factors)
97
collagen fibers in vessel walls are made of _____
connective tissue
98
T/F platelets stick to epithelium of vessel wall when forming plug
false! platelets stick to collagen, not epithelium
99
what is von willebrand factor?
plasma protein
100
what is thromboxane A2?
prostaglandin produced by damaged tissue in platelet plug formation
101
what limits platelet plug to only at the site of damage?
intact endothelial cells secrete PGI2 and heparin to prevent platelets from adhering
vitamin E quinone prevents coagulation
102
PGI2
prostaglandin (prostacyclin) secreted by intact endothelial cells to limit platelet plug
103
heparin
prostaglandin/anticoagulant secreted and produced by intact endothelial cells to limit platelet plug
104
which coagulation pathway is "just platelets"?
intrinsic
105
which coagulation pathway uses additional chemicals and proceeds faster?
extrinsic
106
intrinsic coagulation pathway
1. series of reactions in which clotting reactions are converted to their active forms
2. aggregated platelets release PF3
3. PF3 activates other intermediates leading to activation of Factor X
4. activated factor X combines with Ca, PF3, and factor V to form prothrombin activator
5. prothrombin activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
6. thrombin catalyzes polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin
7. thrombin also activates factor XIII, which links fibrin strands together
107
what is prothrombin activator made of?
Ca, factor X, PF3, factor V
108
extrinsic coagulation pathway
1. injured cells release tissue factor
| 2. tissue factor interacts with PF3 to allow shortcut to factor X activation
109
difference between intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation
extrinsic is faster
110
what do contractile proteins do
cause platelets to contract and squeeze out serum to compact clot; drawing ruptured edges of vessel closer together
111
what stimulates vessel repair in clot retraction?
PDGF (platelet derived growth factor)
112
what is fibrinolysis
breakdown of fibrin (while tissue repair is happening)
113
fibrinolysis process
1. clot accumulates plasminogen
2. plasminogen is activated to plasmin by TPA (tissue plasminogen activator)
3. plasmin digests fibrin
114
how is TPA produced
by epithelial cells that are producing/dividing
115
how are clotting factors carried away from site of damage
by circulating blood
116
clot limiting factors
- circulating blood carries away clotting factors
- antithrombin III
- protein C
- heparin
117
antithrombin III
plasma protein that inactivates some thrombin to limit clot
118
protein C
plasma protein that inhibits intrinsic pathway events; decreasing steps that lead to thrombin production
to limit clot
119
how does heparin limit clotting
enhances activity of antithrombin III and inhibits intrinsic pathway events
120
hemostasis disorders
thromboembolytic disorders- thrombus, embolus
| bleeding disorders- thrombocytopenia, hemophilia
121
thrombolytic disorders
hemostasis disorders in which there is too much clotting
| thrombus and embolus
122
what would be described to a patient with a thrombolytic disorder
anticoagulant
123
thrombus
blood clot that stays attached at site of damage; blocks/reduces blood flow
124
embolus
free flowing blood clot; travels into small vessels and can cause blockages
can lead to heart attack, stroke, pulmonary embolism
125
bleeding disorders
hemostasis disorders in which there is not enough clotting; usually causes internal bleeding
126
thrombocytopenia
low platelet concentration because of some pathology
127
hemophilia
genetic disorder in which you cannot code for proteins involved in clotting
128
which type of blood cell is used for blood typing
red blood cell
129
human blood typing is determined by presence of ________
agglutinogens
130
agglutinogen
cell surface markers on RBC
| A, B, Rh(D)
131
agglutinogens direct production of _______
agglutinins
| Anti-__
132
a person with blood type A positive can receive blood from which blood types?
A+
A-
O+
O-
133
a person with blood type A positive can donate blood to which blood types?
A+
| AB+
134
a person with blood type A negative can receive blood from which blood types?
A-
| O-
135
a person with blood type A negative can donate blood to which blood types?
A+
A-
AB+
AB-
136
a person with blood type B positive can receive blood from which blood types?
B+
B-
O+
O-
137
a person with blood type B positive can donate blood to which blood types?
B+
| AB+
138
a person with blood type B negative can receive blood from which blood types?
B-
| O-
139
a person with blood type B negative can donate blood to which blood types?
B+
B-
AB+
AB-
140
universal recipient blood type
AB+
141
a person with blood type AB positive can donate blood to which blood types?
AB+ only
142
a person with blood type AB negative can receive blood from which blood types?
AB-
A-
B-
O-
143
a person with blood type AB negative can donate blood to which blood types?
AB+
| AB-
144
a person with blood type O positive can receive blood from which blood types?
O+
| O-
145
a person with blood type O positive can donate blood to which blood types?
A+
B+
O+
AB+
146
a person with blood type O negative can receive blood from which blood types?
O- only
147
universal donor
O- blood
148
erythroblastis fetalis
hemolytic disorder of newborns
if mom Rh-, dad Rh+, first baby --> mom and baby okay
if same circumstances but second baby --> baby is stillborn
149
in the 50s, couples got blood tested to see if they were compatible to have a baby
now, if mother is Rh-, doctors will give her injection of _____ to decrease production of anti-Rh
Rhogam
