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Anatomy II > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

external male genitalia

A

scrotum and penis

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2
Q

accessory glands of male reproductive system

A 
epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
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3
Q

main function of testes

A

sperm production

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4
Q

components of testes

A 
lobules
seminiferous tubules
tubules rectus
rete testis
efferent ducts
epididymis
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5
Q

main function of scrotum

A

house testes and maintain optimal temperature

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6
Q

main function of penis

A

copulatory organ for internal fertilization

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7
Q

main function of epididymis

A

accepts and stores immature sperm from testis

continues their maturation

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8
Q

main function of ductus deferens

A

propels sperm out of testis

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9
Q

main function of urethra

A

carries urine and semen to the outside of body

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10
Q

function of seminal vesicles

A

produce alkaline solution to protect sperm from dying in acidic vagina

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11
Q

function of prostate gland

A

produce energy to propel sperm

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12
Q

function of bulbourethral glands

A

produce mucus-like secretion to clear out urethra and act as a lube

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13
Q

Components of testes

A 
Lobules
Seminiferous tubules
Tubules rectus
Rete testis
Efferent ducts
Epididymis
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14
Q

Lobules of testes

A

Segments of testes

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15
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Actual site of sperm production
Tube system within testis
Produce immature sperm

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16
Q

Tubules rectus

A

“Subway system” of testes

Send immature sperm from seminiferous tubules to rete testis

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17
Q

Rete testis

A

“Grand central station” of testis
Where all tubules rectus lead to
Gather immature sperm from all seminiferous tubules; send through efferent ducts

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18
Q

Efferent ducts

A

“Outgoing trains” of testes

Send immature sperm from rete testis to epididymis

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19
Q

Epididymis

A

Where sperm are stored and mature

Most spend their whole life here

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20
Q

Sperm at “tail” of this structure are expelled during sex

A

Epididymis

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21
Q

Histological composition of testes

A

Seminiferous tubules

Interstitial cells

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22
Q

Interstitial cells of testes

A

Aka lidig cells

Found between tubules; produce testosterone

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23
Q

Testicular bloodflow

A

Blood is supplied to testes by testicular arteries
Blood passes through pampiniform vessels
Here, heat from warm blood is transferred to outgoing veins
This heat transfer cools blood going to testis
Blood is drained out of testes by testicular veins

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24
Q

Why is heat transfer from testicular arteries to testicular veins a good thing?

A

To produce viable sperm, testes must be 3° C cooler than body temp
This cool blood helps keep testes at correct temp

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25
Q

Scrotum

A

Saclike structure made of skin and superficial fascia

Separates testes into compartments

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26
Q

How does scrotum aid in temperature regulation of testes?

A

Scrotum contains dartos and cremaster muscles to contract and relax, bringing testes closer to or further from body

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27
Q

If it is too cold, what is the action of dartos and cremaster muscles?

A

Muscles contract, testes rise closer to body

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28
Q

If it is warm/too warm, what is the action of dartos and cremaster muscles?

A

Muscles relax, testes descend

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29
Q

3 components of penis

A

Root
Shaft
Glans penis

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30
Q

Prepuce covers which portion of penis

A

Glans penis (tip)

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31
Q

Types of erectile tissue

A 
Corpus spongiosum(1)
Corpora cavernosa(2)
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32
Q

Erectile tissue

A

Spongy networks of CT, Smooth muscle, and vascular space

Fill with blood at arousal (getting hard)

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33
Q

Function of corpus cavernosa

A

Surround urethra to keep it open when penis is erect

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34
Q

About how many days does it take for sperm to mature?

A

20

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35
Q

Sperm can be stored in epididymis for how long?

A

Several months

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36
Q

What happens to unused sperm in epididymis after several months?

A

Body resorbs and destroys them

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37
Q

T/F men have one ductus deferens

A

False! There are 2 ductus deferens (1 per testis)

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38
Q

Where do ductus deferens merge?

A

Ejaculatory duct

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39
Q

Which part of reproductive system is cut in vasectomy? What does this do?

A

Ductus deferens; makes it so men can still have sex normally, but their semen just does not contain sperm (so fertilization does not occur!)

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40
Q

T/F men who have had vasectomies do not ejaculate during sex

A

False! Men still ejaculate, but the secretion does not contain sperm

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41
Q

As age increases, the size of which male reproductive organ increases? What causes this?

A

Prostate gland; caused by underuse

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42
Q

Effect of enlarged prostate

A

Constricts urethra, need to pee more

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43
Q

Bulbourethral gland is also called

A

Cowpers gland

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44
Q

T/F bulbourethral gland releases its secretion after the other glands

A

False! Bulbourethral gland produces pre-ejaculatory secretion before all others
(Its precum)

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45
Q

Combined function of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

A

Produce semen

Their secretions are only released at sex

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46
Q

Erection process

A
  1. Sexual arousal causes parasympathetic reflex to release nitric oxide at/near penis
  2. Nitric oxide causes arteriole dilation (blood goes to penis)
  3. Erectile bodies fill with blood (penis hardens)
  4. Corpora cavernosa expands, compressing drainage veins (so penis stays hard)
  5. Bulbourethral glands are stimulated (precum released)
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47
Q

Ejaculation process

A
  1. Continued stimulation provokes massive sympathetic nerve discharge
  2. Reproductive ducts and accessoru glands contract, pushing contents to/through urethra
  3. Bladder sphincter muscle constricts
  4. Muscles of penis underfo rapid series of contractions
  5. Semen propelled from penis
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48
Q

Is erection a sympathetic or parasympathetic process?

A

Parasympathetic

P= point

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49
Q

Is ejaculation a sympathetic or parasympathetic process?

A

Sympathetic

S= shoot

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50
Q

Spermatogenesis process

A
  1. Diploid (2n) spermatogonia undergo mitosis to produce Type A and B daughter cells
  2. Type B cells are primary spermatocytes (2n)
  3. Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes (n; haploid)
  4. Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to become spermatids (n)
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51
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Start sperm production process

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52
Q

What happens to Type A daughter cells produced in mitosis of spermatogonia?

A

They stay and do not continue spermatogenesis process

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53
Q

Spermatids

A

What leave seminiferous tubules and continue to mature

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54
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Spermatid decreases its cytoplasmic volume and forms a tail

Finished product is spermatozoon

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55
Q

Spermatozoon components

A

Acrosome
Head
Midpiece
Tail

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56
Q

Acrosome of spermatozoon

A

Contains enzymes to penetrate egg

As sperm goes thru vagina, acrosome is broken down, leading to easier fertilization of egg

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57
Q

Head of spermatozoon

A

Part where DNA is located (23 chromosomes)

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58
Q

Midpiece of spermatozoon

A

Part where all mitochondria live

Energize the tail (flagellum) to move

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59
Q

it takes _____ days for primary spermatocytes to become immature sperm in epididymis

A

60-70

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60
Q

sustenacular cells are also known as

A

nurse cells or sertoli cells

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61
Q

function of sustenacular cells

A 
protect developing spermatocytes from immune system
nourish dividing cells
move cells to lumen
secrete testicular fluid
dispose of eliminated cytoplasm
regulate spermatogenesis
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62
Q

blood-testis barrier

A

because sperm are haploid, immune system thinks its a pathogen and wants to kill it
this keeps them separated

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63
Q

testicular fluid function

A

transport medium in lumen

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64
Q

phagocytic role of sustenacular cells

A

dispose of eliminated cytoplasm from sperm formation

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65
Q

hormonal regulation of male reproductive system

A

hypothalamus releases GnRH

GnRH stimulates release of pituitary gonadotropins (LH and FSH)

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66
Q

FSH role on male reproductive system

A

FSH stimulates sertoli cells to release ABP (androgen binding protein)
ABP sticks to surface of spermatogonia and causes it to accumulate testosterone

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67
Q

LH role on male reproductive system

A

LH causes interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

and a tiny amt of estrogen

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68
Q

Inhibin role on male reproductive system

A

inhibin produced by sertoli cells when sperm count is high (count is high when sperm are unused)
inhibits release of FSH and GnRH (decreases amount of sperm being made; saving body energy)

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69
Q

testosterone role on male reproductive system

A

stimulates spermatogenesis by binding to ATP
inhibits GnRH
inhibits gonadotropin release
develops and maintains accessory reproductive organs
promotes male secondary sex characteristics
boosts BMR (metabolism)
influences behavior- sex drive and aggression

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70
Q

main function of ovaries

A

site of gamete production

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71
Q

where in ovary are female gametes produced?

A

cortex

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72
Q

how do gametes exist in the ovary?

A

as ovarian follicles

oocyte+ follicular and/or granulosar cells

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73
Q

first layer of cells surrounding oocyte

A

follicular cells

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74
Q

additional surrounding layers of follicular layer

A

granular cells

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75
Q

progression of ovarian follicles

A 
primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
grafiaan follicle
*ovulation*
corpus luteum
corpus albicans
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76
Q

primordial follicle

A

follicles that exist in women before birth

have 1 layer of follicular cells

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77
Q

how many primordial follicles ripen to become primary follicles?

A

4-5 every 28 days

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78
Q

primary follicle

A

primordial cells that have ripened due to proper hormonal stimulation
have 2 layers of surrounding cells

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79
Q

how many primary follicles ripen to become secondary follicles

A

1 to 2

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80
Q

secondary follicles

A

primary cells that have ripened due to proper hormonal situation
include antrum and liquor folliculi

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81
Q

defining feature of secondary follicle

A

antrum- a fluid filled space

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82
Q

liquid in antrum

A

liquor folliculi

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83
Q

grafiaan follicle

A

aka vesicular follicle
enlarged and bulges on surface of ovary
holds secondary oocyte on a stalk

84
Q

corpus luteum

A

degenerated grafiaan follicle; made after oocyte is released

glandular; secretes hormones

85
Q

how long does corpus luteum exist if egg is fertilized

A

3 months, releasing hormone

86
Q

how long does corpus luteum exist if egg is not fertilized

A

around 14 days

87
Q

main function of oviducts

A

transport oocyte from ovary to uterus

88
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation of embryo anywhere other than uterus

89
Q

process of transport through oviduct

A
  1. ovulated oocyte released into peritoneal cavity
  2. ciliated fimbriae sweep oocyte from peritoneal cavity into infundibulum of oviduct
  3. peristaltic contractions propel oocyte through infundibulum to ampulla to isthmus
  4. oocyte travels from isthmus into ovary
90
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

space between ovary and oviduct

91
Q

infundibulum of oviduct

A

first part of oviduct oocyte reaches once ovulated

contains fimbriae that sweep oocyte in

92
Q

in which part of the reproductive system does fertilization typically occur?

A

ampulla of oviduct

93
Q

which part of oviduct connects to the uterus?

A

isthmus

94
Q

main function of uterus

A

receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum

95
Q

components of uterus

A 
body
fundus
cervix
internal Os
external Os
96
Q

body of uterus

A

part to the sides of the uterine cavity

97
Q

funds of uterus

A

part above uterine cavity

98
Q

cervix

A

opening below uterus; “neck”

99
Q

diameter of cervix normally

A

width of one human hair

100
Q

in pregnancy, what forms in the cervix? why

A

cervical mucus plus forms in cervical canal to protect fetus

101
Q

internal Os

A

cervical canal opening on top of cervix (toward uterus)

102
Q

external Os

A

cervical canal opening below cervix (to vagina)

103
Q

uterine wall layers

A

perimetrium (outer)
myometrium (thick, muscular uterine wall)
endometrium (inside lining)

104
Q

which uterine wall layer goes through cyclic changes and is shed?

A

endometrium

105
Q

endometrium strata

A

stratum functionalis

stratum basalis

106
Q

stratum functionalis of endometrium

A

part that goes through cyclic changes
if no fertilization: is shed
if fertilization: fertilized egg implants here

107
Q

stratum basalts of endometrium

A

part that is maintained and rebuilds stratum functionalis in each cycle

108
Q

main function of vagina

A

organ of copulation

birth and menses canal

109
Q

why is the vagina acidic

A

to kill pathogens

110
Q

hymen

A

thin membrane of tissue that extends across vaginal orifice

can be broken in ways other than sex!

111
Q

components of vulva

A 
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
greater vestibular glands
clitoris
perineum
112
Q

mons pubis

A

fatty tissue atop pubic symphysis
cushions, decreases chafing, and acts as filter
has hair

113
Q

labia majora

A

external folds
cover vaginal orifice
has hair

114
Q

labia minora

A

internal folds
no hair
covers vagina orifice and clitoris

115
Q

greater vestibular glands

A

secretes mucus-like secretion on sexual arousal for lubricant
feminine version of bulbourethral glands

116
Q

female version of bulbourethral glands

A

greater vestibular glands

117
Q

clitoris

A

has lots of nerve endings
made of spongy epithelium
has a bigger internal part (reason for G spot)

118
Q

perineum

A

part between anus and vulva
made of fatty tissue
tears in birth

119
Q

episiotomy

A

procedure Drs do to cut a line in perineum where they think will minimize scarring for mom when baby comes out

120
Q

T/F males do not have mammary glands

A

false; both sexes have them, just not functional in men

121
Q

mammary glands are modified _____

A

sweat glands

122
Q

main function of mammary glands

A

produce milk to nourish newborn

123
Q

components of mammary glands

A 
lobes
lobules
alveoli
lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinus
nipple
areola
124
Q

lobes of mammary glands

A

small mammary gland segments

125
Q

lobules of mammary glands

A

smaller segments of mammary glansd

126
Q

alveoli of mammary glands

A

actual site of milk production

little sacs

127
Q

lactiferous ducts

A

duct that carries milk from alveoli to nipple

128
Q

lactiferous cavity

A

where milk collects inside nipple

129
Q

nipple

A

spice that baby attaches to

where milk leaves

130
Q

areola

A

pigmented tissue surrounding nipple

131
Q

oogenesis process pre-puberty

A
  1. diploid oogonia undergo mitosis to produce 2 primary oocytes
  2. surround primary oocyte with follicular cells to become primordial follicles
  3. primary oocytes start, but do not finish, meiosis I (arrested at prophase I)
132
Q

oogenesis process post-puberty

A
  1. meiosis I completes and produces the first polar body and a secondary oocyte
  2. first polar body undergoes and finishes meiosis II and produces 2 polar bodies
  3. secondary oocyte begins meiosis II, but stops at metaphase II
  4. secondary oocyte is ovulated
133
Q

oogenesis process post-ovulation if fertilized

A
  1. secondary oocyte completes meiosis II

2. produces ovum and polar body

134
Q

oogenesis process post-ovulation if not fertilized

A

secondary oocyte degenerates

135
Q

about how many primary oocytes do women have at birth

A

2 million

136
Q

process of oogenesis that leads up to primary oocytes starting but not finishing meiosis I happens when?

A

before birth

137
Q

______ oocytes finish meiosis I and begin oogenesis up to meiosis II per cycle

A

4 to 5

138
Q

how many gametes produced per each diploid oogonia?

A

1

139
Q

phases of ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase

140
Q

length of ovarian cycle

A

~28d

21-40 day average

141
Q

“everything before ovulation” is which phase of the ovarian cycle? how long is it?

A

follicular phase; amount of time varies

142
Q

“everything after ovulation” is which phase of the ovarian cycle? how long is it?

A

luteal phase; 14 days

143
Q

follicular phase of ovarian cycle (process)

A
  1. primordial follicle becomes primary follicle
  2. primary follicle becomes secondary follicle
  3. theca folliculi forms
  4. theca and granulosa cells produce estrogens (which stimulate follicles to continue developing)
  5. zona pellucida forms
  6. antrum forms
  7. secondary follicle becomes graafian follicle
  8. corona radiata forms
144
Q

theca folliculi

A

layer of connective tissue around antrum

formed in follicular phase of ovarian cycle

145
Q

zona pellucida

A

transparent ring layer of glycoproteins surrounding oocyte

formed in follicular phase

146
Q

corona radiata

A

stalk putting secondary oocyte more toward middle of follicle in graafian follicle

147
Q

ovulation “phase” of ovarian cycle

A

ovary wall ruptures

expels secondary oocyte + corona radiate into peritoneal cavity

148
Q

luteal phase of ovarian cycle (process)

A
  1. corpora hemorrhagicum forms
  2. corpora hemorrhagicum resorbs, but granulosa and theca cells produce corpus lute
  3. corpus lute secretes estrogen and progesterone (mostly progesterone)
    if fertilization –> corpus luteum continues secreting hormones until placenta forms (~3 mo), then becomes corpus albicans
    if no fertilization –> corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans
149
Q

hormonal regulation of female reproductive system

A

pre-puberty, ovaries secrete a little estrogen, and hypothalamus is shut off
at puberty, sensitivity for estrogen changes –> so hypothalamus secretes GnRH
(release of GnRH is rhythmic in women)
GnRH promotes FSH and LH production by anterior pituitary

150
Q

menarche

A

first period

151
Q

how long does it take before cycles become regular after menarche?

A

2-3 years on average

152
Q

role of FSH in female reproductive system

A

stimulates follicle cells, causing growth and maturation of follicle
matures 4-5 at a time (not all at once)

153
Q

role of progesterone and inhibin in female reproductive system

A

inhibits FSH and LH production

this stops any further follicle development

154
Q

Role of LH in early cycle in females

A
  1. LH causes theca cells to produce androgens

2. androgens are converted to estrogen by granulosa cells

155
Q

Role of LH mid cycle in females

A
  1. LH surge stimulates completion of meiosis I by dominant (most developed) primary follicle
    (primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte)
  2. stimulates ovulation; inhibiting estrogen production
  3. transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum; stimulating progesterone and estrogen production
156
Q

role of estrogen in female reproductive system (cyclic)

A

initial spike in estrogen level inhibits release of FSH an LH (so they build up)
stimulates follicle development; increasing estrogen production
increased estrogen level causes LH Surge

157
Q

non-cyclic role of estrogen in female repro system

A

maturation and development of female sex organs (anabolic effect)
supports short-term growth spurt of girls at puberty
promotes female secondary sex characteristics

158
Q

t/f uterine cycle and ovarian cycle phases align directly

A

false-
menstrual + proliferative= follicular
secretory = luteal

159
Q

uterine cycle is also known as

A

menstrual cycle

160
Q

menstrual phase of menstrual cycle is which days? which are the bleeding days?

A

days 1-5; bleed 3-5

161
Q

menstrual phase of menstrual cycle

A 
starts at point when ovarian hormones are at lowest level
functional  layer of endometrium detaches (sheds)
menstruation occurs (bleeding, muscle contractions, etc)
162
Q

proliferative phase of menstrual cycle is which days?

A

day 5 to ~ day 14

163
Q

proliferative phase of menstrual cycle

A

estrogen levels increase (starts being secreted at day 5 of uterine cycle)
endometrium rebuilds itself
progesterone receptors develop in endometrial cells
ends with ovulation

164
Q

proliferative phase of menstrual cycle ends when?

A

when ovulation occurs

165
Q

secretory phase of menstrual cycle is when?

A

ovulation to the end

166
Q

secretory phase of menstrual cycle

A

corpus luteum starts producing progesterone
progesterone causes endometrium to prepare for implantation and form cervical plug
low progesterone and LH levels initiate breakdown of endometrium

167
Q

process of female sexual arousal

A

sexual arousal causes parasympathetic system to release NO
NO causes vasodilation –> blood engorgement of cavernous tissue
vestibular glands are triggered (secrete mucus)

168
Q

female cavernous tissue is found where?

A

clitoris, breasts, walls of vagina, and nose

169
Q

SRY gene

A

gene on Y chromosome that promotes development of testes

170
Q

human embryo is sexually indifferent until how long post-conception?

A

about 2 months

171
Q

when does gonadal development begin?

A

5 weeks post conception

172
Q

general processes of sexual differentiation

A

gonadal ridges begin formation about 5 weeks post-conception
mullerian and wlolffian ducts develop
primordial germ cells are deposited within gonadal ridge
genital tubercle develops

173
Q

components of genital tubercle

A

urethral groove
urethral folds
labioscrotal folds

174
Q

mullerian ducts are maintained in which sex?

A

females

175
Q

wolffian ducts are maintained in which sex?

A

male

176
Q

male sexual differentiation

A

seminiferous tubules form in gonadal ridges and link with wolffian ducts
developing testes secrete AMH, which causes mullerian ducts to degenerate
genital tubercle forms penis
urethral folds fuse to form urethra
labioscrotal folds fuse to form scrotum
testosterone production guides secondary sexual development
testes descend into scrotum from abdominal cavity about 2 months before birth

177
Q

seminiferous tubules origin

A

seminiferous tubules form in gonadal ridges and link with wolffian ducts

178
Q

what do testes secrete to degenerate mullerian ducts?

A

AMH

179
Q

penis origin

A

genital tubercle

180
Q

male urethra origin

A

urethral folds fusing

181
Q

scrotum origin

A

labioscrotal folds fusing

182
Q

when do testes descend into scrotum from abdominal cavity?

A

2 months before birth

183
Q

female sexual differentiation

A 
gonadal ridges form ovaries
follicles form in cortex of ovaries
mullerian ducts differentiate
wolffian ducts degenerate
genital tubercle becomes clitoris
urethral groove becomes vestibule
urethral folds stay unfused to form labia minora
labioscrotal folds stay unfused to form labia majora
ovaries descend to pelvic brim
184
Q

where do ovaries descend before birth?

A

to pelvic brim

185
Q

labia majora origin

A

labioscrotal folds

186
Q

labia minora origin

A

urethral folds

187
Q

clitoris origin

A

genital tubercle

188
Q

ovaries origin

A

gonadal ridges

189
Q

human gestation is how long?

A

280 days

190
Q

fertilization

A

sperm fuses with secondary oocyte (nucleus to nucleus)

191
Q

what is formed after fertilization?

A

a zygote

192
Q

how long are sperm viable? How long are oocytes viable? how long is fertile window?

A

3 days; 1 day; 4 days

193
Q

barriers to fertilization

A

loss of sperm from vagina
vaginas acidic environment
consistency of cervical mucus (v thick)
sperm may accidentally “fertilize” phagocytic cells in uterus

194
Q

capacitation

A

the change undergone by sperm in female so that it can fertilize the egg
sperms are incapable of fertilization immediately after ejaculation
requires 6 to 8 hours

195
Q

capacitation changes that must be made

A

membrane covering acrosome needs to thin

flagellum must activate to move sperm toward egg

196
Q

how does egg help sperm find it?

A

ovulating ovary secretes prostaglandins as signal

197
Q

acrosomal reaction when penetrating egg

A

sperm binds with zone pellucid (in its prostaglandins)
acrosomal enzymes release to immediate area to dissolve this layer
accomplished by 100s of sperm

198
Q

fast block to polyspermy

A

membrane depolarization
when sperm combines with plasma membrane of egg, Na channels open –> depolarizes membrane so no more sperm can penetrate

199
Q

slow block to polyspermy

A

cortical reaction

sperm that enters egg causes release of Ca stored in ER to release in egg

200
Q

placenta

A

organ of exchange
mother portion and baby portion
acts as filter for baby

201
Q

implantation

A

zygote lays against side of uterus, uterus develops around it
occurs 6-7 days after ovulation

202
Q

what hormone maintains corpus luteum until placenta forms?

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

203
Q

embryonic membranes

A

chorion and amnion

204
Q

chorion

A

outer membrane of embryo, protecting baby

contains chorionic villi

205
Q

chorionic villi

A

baby part of placenta

206
Q

amnion

A

embryonic membrane immediately surrounding baby

includes amniotic fluid

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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