circulation

Question 1

pulse

Answer 1

wave of pressure you can feel anywhere there is an artery close to skin surface
beats/min

Question 2

blood pressure

Answer 2

how much pressure is being pushed

sphygmomanometer used to measure

Question 3

how does sphygmomanometer work

Answer 3

cuff goes around arm and squeezes radial artery when it inflates
when it deflates, artery opens
we here Karatkaff sounds

Question 4

blood perfusion

Answer 4

blood flow to different tissues in out body

perfusion matches need

Question 5

tissue perfusion

Answer 5

delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues
removes wastes from tissues
exchanges gases in lungs
forms urine in kidneys

Question 6

blood velocity is ___ related to cross sectional area of vessels

Answer 6

inversely

Question 7

higher blood vessel area means ___ speed

Answer 7

lower

Question 8

how is blood velocity locally regualted

Answer 8

by modifying diameter of arterioles

Question 9

we have more ___ than any other vessels

Answer 9

capillaries

Question 10

regulation of blood flow mechanisms

Answer 10

• decreased levels of nutrients or O2 causes vasodilation and relaxation of precapillary sphincters
• change in stretch of vessels causes response in smooth muscle of vessel
• angiogenesis increases number and size of vessels

Question 11

metabolic mechanism of auto regulation of blood flow

Answer 11

decreased levels of nutrients or O2 causes vasodilation and relaxation of precapillary sphincters (delivers more blood!)

Question 12

myogenic mechanism of auto regulation of blood flow

Answer 12

change in stretch of vessels causes response in smooth muscle of vessel to contract

Question 13

angiogenic mechanism of auto regulation of blood flow

Answer 13

angiogenesis increases number and size of blood vessels

angiogenesis = production of new blood vessles

Question 14

how do respiratory gases and lipid soluble molecules pass through capillary?

Answer 14

direct diffusion

passes directly through capillary cells

Question 15

how do water soluble solutes (small things dissolved in plasma) pass through capillary?

Answer 15

intercellular clefts and fenestrations

Question 16

how do large molecules pass through capillaries?

Answer 16

caveoli

Question 17

caveoli

Answer 17

clathrin-coated vesicles that grab/move things in/out of cell through exo- or endo-cytosis

Question 18

how do fluids pass through capillary?

Answer 18

pinocytic vesicles

Question 19

capillary fluid dynamics

Answer 19

fluid forced out though clefts at arterial end; most returns at venous end

Question 20

capillary fluid flow regulated by:

Answer 20

hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure (gradient)

Question 21

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 21

force exerted by fluid pressing against wall of capillary

Question 22

capillary hydrostatic pressure ____ along length of capillary bed

Answer 22

decreases

Question 23

colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 23

force created by presence of large, nondiffusible molecules (proteins)

functions in opposition to hydrostatic pressure- wants to draw fluid back in

Question 24

colloid osmotic pressure ____ along length of capillary bed

Answer 24

does not vary

Question 25

net filtration pressure

Answer 25

interaction between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure determines if there is a net gain or loss of fluid from capillaries

Question 26

portal systems

Answer 26

capillary bed that exists between venules tissues in our body may need extra blood supply, so we put extra capillary bed in them (serves specific regional tissue needs)

Question 27

artery --> cap --> venule --> cap --> venule --> vein

Answer 27

portal system

Question 28

circulatory shock

Answer 28

any conditions where we cannot properly circulate blood hypovolemic, cardiogenic, or vascular

Question 29

hypovolemic shock

Answer 29

shock due to hemorrhage, losing too much blood | blood volume so low we cannot circulate it properly

Question 30

vascular shock

Answer 30

shock caused by steep drop in blood pressure (infection, sunburn, anaphylaxis) vasodilation reduces bp and blood won't flow correctly

Question 31

cardiogenic shock

Answer 31

pump not working correctly | after heart attack

Question 32

embryological development of blood vessels

Answer 32

- mesoderm cells form endothelial lining of blood vessels all over embryo - these collect as blood islands - these connect to form vascular tubes - PDGF signals mesenchymal cells to form muscular and fibrous coats

Question 33

T/F embryological development of blood vessels starts from heart

Answer 33

false! it starts all over and connects to heart

Question 34

age related blood vessel changes

Answer 34

atherosclerosis | hypertension

Question 35

T/F estrogen prevents atherosclerosis in women

Answer 35

true

Question 36

hypertension can cause:

Answer 36

``` stroke vision loss heart failure sexual dysfunction heart attack kidney failure/dx ```