Respiratory System Flashcards
types of respiration
pulmonary respiration
external respiration
gaseous transport
internal respiration
pulmonary respiration
movement of air into and out of body
external respiration
air inside lungs gets exchanges with gases in outside air
gaseous transport
gases that have exchanges get circulated through the body
internal respiration
gaseous exchange occurring in tissues
respiratory apparatus
pathway that air travels thru
diameter of passageways gets smaller as you go deeper into respiratory apparatus
starts at nose (usually) or mouth
normal entry path for air
nose
respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles plus alveoli
where gas exchange occurs
conducting zone
everything larger than (above) respiratory bronchioles
moves, cleanses, humidifies, and warms air
relatively rigid, to avoid collapse
only external part of respiratory system
nose
functions of nose
- passageway (entryway for air)
- warms and moistens air
- filters
- resonating chamber
- olfactory receptors
how does nose warm and moisten air
nasal mucosal (wet membrane)
how does nose filter air
hairs in nose filter big particles (like pollen)
respiratory functions of nose
passageway
warms and moistens
filters
what does it mean that the nose is a resonating chamber?
“echo chamber”
tonal quality of voice is determined by echoing of nasal cavity
voice is created in the _____ as a “buzz”
larynx
components of nasal cavity
external nares vestibule vibrissae internal nares paranasal sinuses
external nares
nostrils (openings in nose)
make constricted opening into respiratory system
force filtration of air
vestibule
opening of nasal cavity after nares
vibrissae
hair lining vestibule
stiffer/thicker than hair on head
internal nares
passageway constricts again when you go further back
“posterior nasal apertures”
t/f paranasal sinuses function in respiratory and nonrespiratory functions of nose
true
paranasal sinuses
hollow cavity in bone that lightens the skull
as air passes through, it gets moistened/filtered/warmed (lined w mucosae)
also functions as increased resonation chamber
do oral cavity and nasal cavity connect to the same place?
yes; but theyre separated by palate
front of palate
bony palate
back of palate
fleshy palate
advantage to having bony and fleshy palate
so we can eat and breathe at the same time
types of nasal mucosae
olfactory mucosa
respiratory mucose
function of olfactory mucosa
contains smell receptors
components of respiratory mucosa
PCCE goblet cells mucous glands serous glands defensins cilia
what do goblet cells do?
secrete mucous
what do serous glands do in respiratory mucosa?
secrete enzymes that increase w mucus and break down bacteria
defensins
like naturally produced antibiotics
punch holes in cell walls instead of breaking antigen down completely
what do cilia do?
sweep stuff into throat so we cough and expel it out of body
food and air both use which structure/pathway?
pharynx
parts of pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
nasopharynx is made of which type of tissue?
PCCE
oropharynx is made of which type of tissue?
stratified squamous epithelium
laryngopharynx is made of which type of tissue?
stratified squamous epithelium
t/f only air passes thru nasopharynx
true
components of nasopharynx
uvula
pharyngotympanic tubes
uvula
“dividing line”
when we swallow, it blocks food from going into nose
pharyngotympanic tubes
tube runs from middle ear to pharynx
allows ear to stay at same pressure
oropharynx
food and air pass through here
made of thick strat. squamous epi
incl fauces
fauces
arch where back of oral cavity goes down (to guide food in right direction)
laryngopharynx
food and air both in pathway (end of common pathway)
from here, food and air split up
from laryngopharynx, food goes to _____ and air goes to ______-
esophagus; trachea
“gatekeeper “adams apple” “voice box”
larynx
functions of larynx
provides open airway
directs food and air
produces voice
how does larynx direct food and air?
epiglottis up vs epiglottis down
when breathing, epiglottis is ___; when swallowing, epiglottis is ___
up; down
tissue that lines vocal structures
PCCE
vocal structures
vocal folds
glottis
vestibular folds
which structure creates pitch?
vocal folds
if vocal folds are taut –> _____ pitch
high
if vocal folds are loose –> ____ pitch
low
vocal folds
tissue on sides of glottis
when air exits, vocal folds vibrate and create buzz
create pitch
glottis
opening to trachea
under epiglottis
vestibular folds
attached to muscles
determine tension/tightness of vocal folds
t/f larynx determined loudness of voice
true!
lots of air out –> high volume
little air out –> low volume
trachea extends from ____ to _____
neck; mediastinum
t/f trachea is just a passageway
true
trachea is made of what tissue
PCCE
carina
special cartilage at bottom of trachea (terminal end)
where we split air to go into each lung
what are cartilage rings on trachea made of?
hyaline cartilage
why are cartilage rings on trachea C shaped?
back wall of trachea is shared with esophagus
allows us to swallow efficiently and not let trachea collapse
tracheal layers (superficial to deep)
mucosa
submucosal layer
adventura
mucosa trachea layer
superficial
made of PCCE
submucosal layer of trachea makeup
connective tissue
adventitia layer of trachea
made of connective tissue
where rings of cartilage are
deepest layer
bronchial tree (largest to smallest diameter)
primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles
t/f there is only one primary bronchi
false!
there are a right and left primary bronchi, which branch directly off of trachea at carina
secondary bronchi
each goes to a lobe of lung
how many secondary bronchi on r lung? on l lung?
3; 2
corresponds to number of lobes
tertiary bronchi
each goes to a segment of a lobe of lung
bronchioles
<1 mm diameter
branches from tertiary bronchi
terminal bronchioles diameter
< .5 mm diameter
which parts of bronchial tree are in conducting zone?
primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles
which part(s) of bronchial tree is respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles (and alveoli)
respiratory bronchioles
microscopic
lead to alveoli
pleural cavities
serosae (2-layered sac)
each lung is in its own pleural cavity within thoracic cavity
cardiac notch
space left for heart in thoracic cavity
why we have one less lobe in left lung
alveolar structure components
type I cells pulmonary capillaries respiratory membrane type II cells alveolar pores alveolar macrophages
wall of alveolar sac is ___ layer(s) thick
1
type I cells of alveoli are made of
simple squamous epithelium
pulmonary capillaries
surround type I cells
made of simple squamous epi
respiratory membrane
type 1 cells + capillary walls
gases exchange here by simple diffusion
type II cells of alveoli
made of cuboidal cells
secrete cytokine that functions as surfactant
surfactant
substance that decreases surface tension to increase gas exchange
alveolar pores
connect sacs together to equalize pressure to increase efficiency of gas exchange
alveolar macrophages
to get rid of any antigens in air before they can get into circulation
why would artificial surfactant be given to preemies?
they might have undeveloped type ii cells, thus decreasing gas exchange
parietal pleura
pleura on body cavity
visceral pleura
pleura on lung
outer covering of lung
pleural cavity
space between parietal and visceral pleura
pleural fluids
fluid in pleural cavity
important to lung function
pulls lungs with it as thoracic cavity expands
2 phases of pulmonary ventilation
inspiration
expiration
regulating factors of pulmonary ventilation
pressure volume resistance surface tension compliance
primary regulation factor in pulmonary ventilation
pressure
how does pressure regulate pulmonary ventilation
if pressure of air in lungs is less than atmospheric pressure, air goes into lungs
and vice versa
how does volume of lungs regulate pulmonary ventilation
it is a way to change pressure
how does resistance regulate pulmonary ventilation
normally negligible, but noticeable in asthma attack/choking
resistance is friction of air against passageway –> smaller passageways have greater resistance
how does surface tension regulate pulmonary ventilation
liquid resistance to letting gases pass through
increased surface tension –> decreased gas exchange (and vice versa)
how does compliance regulate pulmonary ventilation
compliance is elasticity of our lungs
if more elastic/compliant –> can move more air in/out
compliance may decrease with age and smoking
Kinds of pressure
atmospheric
intrapulmonary
intrapleural
transpulmonary
collapsed lung
intrapleural pressure > intrapulmonary pressure
atmospheric pressure
pressure of outside air pushing on us
760 mmHg
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure of air in lungs
change in pressure allows us to breathe (low –> inhale; high –> exhale)
intrapleural pressure
pressure in pleural cavity
should be less than intrapulmonary pressure
transpulmonary pressure
difference between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure
what keeps lung viable
Boyle’s Law
relationship between volume and pressure
high volume –> low pressure (and vice versa)
relationship between volume and pressure is a(n) ________ relationship
inverse
P1V1= P2V2
Boyle’s Law
when we inhale, where do we send signals?
to diaphragm to contract –> pulls down –> enlarges thoracic cavity
to intercostal muscles –> expands rib cage
why do we expand the thoracic cavity and rib cage when inhaling?
to lower pressure, drawing air into lungs
when inhaling, air continues to move into lungs until _______
pressure is equal
spirograph
measure of movement of air into/out of lungs
plug your nose and put you into breathing device, so you can only breathe thru out
deep inhale/exhale
records respiratory volumes
respiratory volumes
tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume anatomical dead space
tidal volume
volume of air moved into/out of lungs each time we breathe normally
usually 500 mL
inspiratory reserve volume
extra (maximum) air we can pull in above and beyond tidal volume
we are able to bring in __ times the normal amount of air when we need to
6
expiratory reserve volume
extra amount of air we can exhale above and beyond tidal volume when forcefully exhaled (max amt)
which is larger: inspiratory or expiratory reserve volume?
inspiratory
residual volume
air that is left in the lungs after we force out as much air as possible
advantage of residual volume
allows constant gas exchange
how can we measure residual volume?
only posthumously (when dead)
anatomical dead space
air not involved in gaseous exchange
still in out respiratory pathway/being moved
respiratory capacities
adding 2+ values together inspiratory capacity functional residual capacity vital capacity total lung capacity
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
total amount of air we could possibly bring into lungs
functional residual capacity
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
amount of air available for exchange between breaths
vital capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve vol + expiratory reserve vol
amount of air we can manipulate/use
total lung capacity
vital capacity + residual volume
all air in respiratory system
~ 6L
list the non respiratory air movements
coughing sneezing crying laughing hiccuping yawning
what does nonrespiratory air movement mean?
not normal breathing that moves air in and out of lungs
disrupts normal breathing pattern
760 mmHg is atmospheric pressure at _______
sea level
everything other than N and O in atmosphere combined is __%
less than 1
main components of atmosphere
nitrogen (most)
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water
atmospheric % N is ______ than alveolar % N
slightly higher
atmospheric % O is ______ than alveolar % O
higher
atmospheric % CO2 is ______ than alveolar % CO2
much lower
atmospheric % H2O is ______ than alveolar % H2O
much lower
why is composition of gas different in atmosphere vs alveoli?
- gaseous exchange
- residual air mixed with new air
- conducting zone moistens incoming air
law of partial pressures is also known as ______
Dalton’s law
Dalton’s Law
- pressure exerted by mixture of gases is SUM of pressures of each individual gas
- partial pressure of any gas in a mixture is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to its % composition
external respiration
exchange of gases in lungs (between lungs and bloodstream)
alveolar PO2 (pressure of oxygen in lungs) (external respiration)
104 mmHg
pulmonary capillary PO2 (pressure of oxygen in blood vessels)
(external respiration)
40 mmHg
in external respiration, oxygen diffuses from ____ to ____ until equilibrium of ____ mmHg is reached
lungs; blood
104
Henry’s Law
- when a mixture of gases contacts a liquid, each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
- dissolved gases may reenter gaseous phase if pressures change
t/f under Henry’s law, the lower the pressure of a gas, the more of that gas goes into the liquid
false!
the higher the pressure of gas, the higher the amount of that gas goes into the liquid
how is henrys law relevant to the body?
oxygen moves out of our lungs as gas, then enters liquid blood
alveolar PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide in lungs) (external respiration)
40 mmHg
pulmonary capillary PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide in blood vessels)
(external respiration)
45 mmHg
in external respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses from _____ to _____ until equilibrium of ___ mmHg is reached
blood stream; lungs
40 mmHg
amount of oxygen taken into blood is (equal to/greater than/less than) amount of carbon dioxide expelled
equal to
is CO2 more or less soluble than O2
more soluble
20x
factors affecting external respiration
partial pressure
solubility
ventilation-perfusion coupling
membrane surface area
how does partial pressure affect external respiration
increased pressure difference –> increased exchange
how does solubility affect external respiration
increased solubility –> increased exchange
ventilation-perfusion coupling
- body matches blood supply to lungs in response to amount of air that’s available
- if more O2 available in lungs, more blood is sent to lungs to pick up that O2
- we can increase diameter (dilate) passageway where air is passing if we need more O2 (breathe more deeply)
how does respiratory membrane surface area affect external respiration
increased surface area –> increased exchange
talking about wall of alveoli + wall of capillary
gaseous transport of oxygen
- bound to hemoglobin, making oxyhemoglobin (primary method)
- dissolved in plasma (only 1.5%)
which part of hemoglobin is oxygen bound to?
heme
4 oxygen per hemoglobin
gaseous transport of CO2
- bound to hemoglobin, making carboxyhemoglobin (20%)
- dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
- converted to bicarbonate ions (70%)
how does carbon dioxide attach to hemoglobin
bound to globin
2 functions of bicarbonate
transport CO2
regulate pH of blood as buffer
Haldane effect
increased CO2 transport due to low partial pressure of oxygen and low hemoglobin O2 saturation
if [O2] low in blood or pressure of oxygen low in lungs, blood carries extra CO2
how does gaseous transport of O2 and CO2 affect each other
if [O2] low in blood or pressure of oxygen low in lungs, blood carries extra CO2
what is the blood buffer system
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer mechanism
CO2 leaves lungs and combines with H2O
this makes carbonic acid (H2CO3)
carbonic acid dissociates and makes bicarbonate ions
bicarbonate ions resist changes in pH by liberating or accepting H+ ions
a buffer system is generally made up of what components
weak acid and its salt
capillary PO2 (pressure of oxygen in bloodstream) (internal respiration)
104 mmHg
tissue PO2 (pressure of oxygen inside tissue) (internal respiration)
40 mmHg
in internal respiration, oxygen diffuses from _____ to _______ until equilibrium of ___ mmHg is reached
blood; tissue
40 mmHg
in internal respiration, CO2 diffuses from _____ to _______ until equilibrium of ___ mmHg is reached
tissue; blood
45 mmHg
tissue PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide inside tissue) (internal respiration)
45 mmHg
capillary PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide in blood) (internal respiration)
40 mmHg
eupnea
normal rate of breathing
12-15 times per minute
eupnea process
- inspiratory center composed of ventral respiratory group (VRG)
- VRG sends neural signal down phrenic and intercostals nerves
- excites diaphragm and external intercostals
- thorax expands
- air rushes into lungs
- VRG becomes dormant
- expiration occurs
- pattern repeats 12-15 times per minute
where is the inspiratory center
in medulla (CNS)
VRG stimulates _______
inspiration
dorsal respiratory group
assists VRG during forced or strenuous breathing
cluster of neurons
helps move extra air for deeper breathing (inspiration and expiration)
pontine respiratory group
modifies (inhibits) activity of VRG
in pons
slows rate of breathing
what causes lower rate of breathing in sleep
pontine respiratory group’s inhibition of VRG
depth of breathing is a function of:
frequency of stimulation
t/f increased stimulation to breathing muscles causes increased depth of breathing
true
rate of breathing is a function of:
duration of stimulation
t/f increased duration of stimulation of respiratory muscles causes increased rate of breathing
false!
increased duration of stimulation of respiratory muscles causes decreased rate of breathing
factors affecting breathing
irritant reflexes hearing-breuer reflex hypothalamic controls conscious controls chemical controls
irritant reflexes
there are receptors in lungs that respond to irritants
they stimulate a reflex- a subconscious change in rate of breathing
if there is an irritant in the air, how does our breathing change?
we stop inhaling, and we exhale more
hering-breuer reflex; why do we have it
stretch receptors in lungs regulate breathing
if we inhaled too deeply, pressure would increase too much and damage our lungs; so stretch receptors cause us to exhale instead
hypothalamic controls of breathing
if we experience pain or fear, amygdala stimulates hypothalamus
hypothalamus then changes activity of VRG
are hypothalamic controls of breathing an indirect or direct mechanism
indirect
conscious controls of breathing
consciously manipulating your breathing
holding your breath, or breathing faster/slower/shallower/deeper consciously
chemical controls of breathing
chemoreceptors detect change in concentration of chemicals in bloodstream; send signal to brain to modify activity of medulla
most important chemoreceptor is the ones that detect conc. of CO2 in blood
where are chemoreceptors for breathing control located?
in the neck
respiratory imbalances
COPD
Asthma
Tuberculosis
Lung cancer
types of COPD
obstructive emphysema
chronic bronchitis
obstructive emphysema
decreased surface area of membrane through destruction of alveoli
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of bronchial pathway
accumulation of mucus (usually from irritants) along bronchial pathway
mucus causes less gas getting into lungs and poorer gas exchange
asthma
inflammation of airway
causes airway to constrict/inflame
makes it hard to get air into lungs –> feels like suffocating
tuberculosis
bacteria gets into lungs this makes nodules, which calcify cannot have gas exchange at site of these nodules immune system cant get to it destroys lungs
highly infectious; we use antibiotics
lung cancer
tumors are like “nodules” of tb
tissue isn’t normal exchange tissue; reduced gas exchange
respiratory disorder –> difficulty breathing
highly metastasizing form of cancer (die within 1 yr)
1/__ of all cancer deaths in US are from lung cancer
3
5 yr mortality of lung cancer is __%
7
leading cause of lung cancer
cigarette smoke
secondary smoke
breathing in smoky air class 1 carcinogen
