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Anatomy II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

types of respiration

A

pulmonary respiration
external respiration
gaseous transport
internal respiration

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2
Q

pulmonary respiration

A

movement of air into and out of body

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3
Q

external respiration

A

air inside lungs gets exchanges with gases in outside air

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4
Q

gaseous transport

A

gases that have exchanges get circulated through the body

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5
Q

internal respiration

A

gaseous exchange occurring in tissues

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6
Q

respiratory apparatus

A

pathway that air travels thru
diameter of passageways gets smaller as you go deeper into respiratory apparatus
starts at nose (usually) or mouth

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7
Q

normal entry path for air

A

nose

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8
Q

respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles plus alveoli

where gas exchange occurs

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9
Q

conducting zone

A

everything larger than (above) respiratory bronchioles
moves, cleanses, humidifies, and warms air
relatively rigid, to avoid collapse

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10
Q

only external part of respiratory system

A

nose

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11
Q

functions of nose

A
  • passageway (entryway for air)
  • warms and moistens air
  • filters
  • resonating chamber
  • olfactory receptors
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12
Q

how does nose warm and moisten air

A

nasal mucosal (wet membrane)

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13
Q

how does nose filter air

A

hairs in nose filter big particles (like pollen)

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14
Q

respiratory functions of nose

A

passageway
warms and moistens
filters

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15
Q

what does it mean that the nose is a resonating chamber?

A

“echo chamber”

tonal quality of voice is determined by echoing of nasal cavity

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16
Q

voice is created in the _____ as a “buzz”

A

larynx

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17
Q

components of nasal cavity

A 
external nares
vestibule
vibrissae
internal nares
paranasal sinuses
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18
Q

external nares

A

nostrils (openings in nose)
make constricted opening into respiratory system
force filtration of air

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19
Q

vestibule

A

opening of nasal cavity after nares

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20
Q

vibrissae

A

hair lining vestibule

stiffer/thicker than hair on head

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21
Q

internal nares

A

passageway constricts again when you go further back

“posterior nasal apertures”

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22
Q

t/f paranasal sinuses function in respiratory and nonrespiratory functions of nose

A

true

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23
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

hollow cavity in bone that lightens the skull
as air passes through, it gets moistened/filtered/warmed (lined w mucosae)
also functions as increased resonation chamber

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24
Q

do oral cavity and nasal cavity connect to the same place?

A

yes; but theyre separated by palate

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25
Q

front of palate

A

bony palate

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26
Q

back of palate

A

fleshy palate

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27
Q

advantage to having bony and fleshy palate

A

so we can eat and breathe at the same time

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28
Q

types of nasal mucosae

A

olfactory mucosa

respiratory mucose

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29
Q

function of olfactory mucosa

A

contains smell receptors

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30
Q

components of respiratory mucosa

A 
PCCE
goblet cells
mucous glands
serous glands
defensins
cilia
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31
Q

what do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucous

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32
Q

what do serous glands do in respiratory mucosa?

A

secrete enzymes that increase w mucus and break down bacteria

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33
Q

defensins

A

like naturally produced antibiotics

punch holes in cell walls instead of breaking antigen down completely

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34
Q

what do cilia do?

A

sweep stuff into throat so we cough and expel it out of body

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35
Q

food and air both use which structure/pathway?

A

pharynx

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36
Q

parts of pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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37
Q

nasopharynx is made of which type of tissue?

A

PCCE

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38
Q

oropharynx is made of which type of tissue?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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39
Q

laryngopharynx is made of which type of tissue?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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40
Q

t/f only air passes thru nasopharynx

A

true

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41
Q

components of nasopharynx

A

uvula

pharyngotympanic tubes

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42
Q

uvula

A

“dividing line”

when we swallow, it blocks food from going into nose

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43
Q

pharyngotympanic tubes

A

tube runs from middle ear to pharynx

allows ear to stay at same pressure

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44
Q

oropharynx

A

food and air pass through here
made of thick strat. squamous epi
incl fauces

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45
Q

fauces

A

arch where back of oral cavity goes down (to guide food in right direction)

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46
Q

laryngopharynx

A

food and air both in pathway (end of common pathway)

from here, food and air split up

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47
Q

from laryngopharynx, food goes to _____ and air goes to ______-

A

esophagus; trachea

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48
Q

“gatekeeper “adams apple” “voice box”

A

larynx

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49
Q

functions of larynx

A

provides open airway
directs food and air
produces voice

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50
Q

how does larynx direct food and air?

A

epiglottis up vs epiglottis down

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51
Q

when breathing, epiglottis is ___; when swallowing, epiglottis is ___

A

up; down

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52
Q

tissue that lines vocal structures

A

PCCE

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53
Q

vocal structures

A

vocal folds
glottis
vestibular folds

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54
Q

which structure creates pitch?

A

vocal folds

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55
Q

if vocal folds are taut –> _____ pitch

A

high

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56
Q

if vocal folds are loose –> ____ pitch

A

low

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57
Q

vocal folds

A

tissue on sides of glottis
when air exits, vocal folds vibrate and create buzz
create pitch

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58
Q

glottis

A

opening to trachea

under epiglottis

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59
Q

vestibular folds

A

attached to muscles

determine tension/tightness of vocal folds

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60
Q

t/f larynx determined loudness of voice

A

true!
lots of air out –> high volume
little air out –> low volume

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61
Q

trachea extends from ____ to _____

A

neck; mediastinum

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62
Q

t/f trachea is just a passageway

A

true

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63
Q

trachea is made of what tissue

A

PCCE

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64
Q

carina

A

special cartilage at bottom of trachea (terminal end)

where we split air to go into each lung

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65
Q

what are cartilage rings on trachea made of?

A

hyaline cartilage

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66
Q

why are cartilage rings on trachea C shaped?

A

back wall of trachea is shared with esophagus

allows us to swallow efficiently and not let trachea collapse

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67
Q

tracheal layers (superficial to deep)

A

mucosa
submucosal layer
adventura

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68
Q

mucosa trachea layer

A

superficial

made of PCCE

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69
Q

submucosal layer of trachea makeup

A

connective tissue

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70
Q

adventitia layer of trachea

A

made of connective tissue
where rings of cartilage are
deepest layer

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71
Q

bronchial tree (largest to smallest diameter)

A 
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles 
respiratory bronchioles
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72
Q

t/f there is only one primary bronchi

A

false!

there are a right and left primary bronchi, which branch directly off of trachea at carina

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73
Q

secondary bronchi

A

each goes to a lobe of lung

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74
Q

how many secondary bronchi on r lung? on l lung?

A

3; 2

corresponds to number of lobes

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75
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

each goes to a segment of a lobe of lung

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76
Q

bronchioles

A

<1 mm diameter

branches from tertiary bronchi

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77
Q

terminal bronchioles diameter

A

< .5 mm diameter

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78
Q

which parts of bronchial tree are in conducting zone?

A 
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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79
Q

which part(s) of bronchial tree is respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles (and alveoli)

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80
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

microscopic

lead to alveoli

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81
Q

pleural cavities

A

serosae (2-layered sac)

each lung is in its own pleural cavity within thoracic cavity

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82
Q

cardiac notch

A

space left for heart in thoracic cavity

why we have one less lobe in left lung

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83
Q

alveolar structure components

A 
type I cells
pulmonary capillaries
respiratory membrane
type II cells
alveolar pores
alveolar macrophages
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84
Q

wall of alveolar sac is ___ layer(s) thick

A

1

85
Q

type I cells of alveoli are made of

A

simple squamous epithelium

86
Q

pulmonary capillaries

A

surround type I cells

made of simple squamous epi

87
Q

respiratory membrane

A

type 1 cells + capillary walls

gases exchange here by simple diffusion

88
Q

type II cells of alveoli

A

made of cuboidal cells

secrete cytokine that functions as surfactant

89
Q

surfactant

A

substance that decreases surface tension to increase gas exchange

90
Q

alveolar pores

A

connect sacs together to equalize pressure to increase efficiency of gas exchange

91
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

to get rid of any antigens in air before they can get into circulation

92
Q

why would artificial surfactant be given to preemies?

A

they might have undeveloped type ii cells, thus decreasing gas exchange

93
Q

parietal pleura

A

pleura on body cavity

94
Q

visceral pleura

A

pleura on lung

outer covering of lung

95
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between parietal and visceral pleura

96
Q

pleural fluids

A

fluid in pleural cavity
important to lung function
pulls lungs with it as thoracic cavity expands

97
Q

2 phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

inspiration

expiration

98
Q

regulating factors of pulmonary ventilation

A 
pressure
volume
resistance 
surface tension
compliance
99
Q

primary regulation factor in pulmonary ventilation

A

pressure

100
Q

how does pressure regulate pulmonary ventilation

A

if pressure of air in lungs is less than atmospheric pressure, air goes into lungs
and vice versa

101
Q

how does volume of lungs regulate pulmonary ventilation

A

it is a way to change pressure

102
Q

how does resistance regulate pulmonary ventilation

A

normally negligible, but noticeable in asthma attack/choking

resistance is friction of air against passageway –> smaller passageways have greater resistance

103
Q

how does surface tension regulate pulmonary ventilation

A

liquid resistance to letting gases pass through

increased surface tension –> decreased gas exchange (and vice versa)

104
Q

how does compliance regulate pulmonary ventilation

A

compliance is elasticity of our lungs
if more elastic/compliant –> can move more air in/out
compliance may decrease with age and smoking

105
Q

Kinds of pressure

A

atmospheric
intrapulmonary
intrapleural
transpulmonary

106
Q

collapsed lung

A

intrapleural pressure > intrapulmonary pressure

107
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

pressure of outside air pushing on us

760 mmHg

108
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure of air in lungs

change in pressure allows us to breathe (low –> inhale; high –> exhale)

109
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in pleural cavity

should be less than intrapulmonary pressure

110
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

difference between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure
what keeps lung viable

111
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

relationship between volume and pressure

high volume –> low pressure (and vice versa)

112
Q

relationship between volume and pressure is a(n) ________ relationship

A

inverse

113
Q

P1V1= P2V2

A

Boyle’s Law

114
Q

when we inhale, where do we send signals?

A

to diaphragm to contract –> pulls down –> enlarges thoracic cavity
to intercostal muscles –> expands rib cage

115
Q

why do we expand the thoracic cavity and rib cage when inhaling?

A

to lower pressure, drawing air into lungs

116
Q

when inhaling, air continues to move into lungs until _______

A

pressure is equal

117
Q

spirograph

A

measure of movement of air into/out of lungs
plug your nose and put you into breathing device, so you can only breathe thru out
deep inhale/exhale
records respiratory volumes

118
Q

respiratory volumes

A 
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume 
anatomical dead space
119
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air moved into/out of lungs each time we breathe normally
usually 500 mL

120
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

extra (maximum) air we can pull in above and beyond tidal volume

121
Q

we are able to bring in __ times the normal amount of air when we need to

A

6

122
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

extra amount of air we can exhale above and beyond tidal volume when forcefully exhaled (max amt)

123
Q

which is larger: inspiratory or expiratory reserve volume?

A

inspiratory

124
Q

residual volume

A

air that is left in the lungs after we force out as much air as possible

125
Q

advantage of residual volume

A

allows constant gas exchange

126
Q

how can we measure residual volume?

A

only posthumously (when dead)

127
Q

anatomical dead space

A

air not involved in gaseous exchange

still in out respiratory pathway/being moved

128
Q

respiratory capacities

A 
adding 2+ values together
inspiratory capacity
functional residual capacity
vital capacity
total lung capacity
129
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

total amount of air we could possibly bring into lungs

130
Q

functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

amount of air available for exchange between breaths

131
Q

vital capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve vol + expiratory reserve vol
amount of air we can manipulate/use

132
Q

total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual volume
all air in respiratory system
~ 6L

133
Q

list the non respiratory air movements

A 
coughing
sneezing
crying
laughing 
hiccuping
yawning
134
Q

what does nonrespiratory air movement mean?

A

not normal breathing that moves air in and out of lungs

disrupts normal breathing pattern

135
Q

760 mmHg is atmospheric pressure at _______

A

sea level

136
Q

everything other than N and O in atmosphere combined is __%

A

less than 1

137
Q

main components of atmosphere

A

nitrogen (most)
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water

138
Q

atmospheric % N is ______ than alveolar % N

A

slightly higher

139
Q

atmospheric % O is ______ than alveolar % O

A

higher

140
Q

atmospheric % CO2 is ______ than alveolar % CO2

A

much lower

141
Q

atmospheric % H2O is ______ than alveolar % H2O

A

much lower

142
Q

why is composition of gas different in atmosphere vs alveoli?

A
  • gaseous exchange
  • residual air mixed with new air
  • conducting zone moistens incoming air
143
Q

law of partial pressures is also known as ______

A

Dalton’s law

144
Q

Dalton’s Law

A
  • pressure exerted by mixture of gases is SUM of pressures of each individual gas
  • partial pressure of any gas in a mixture is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to its % composition
145
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gases in lungs (between lungs and bloodstream)

146
Q 
alveolar PO2 (pressure of oxygen in lungs)
(external respiration)
A

104 mmHg

147
Q

pulmonary capillary PO2 (pressure of oxygen in blood vessels)
(external respiration)

A

40 mmHg

148
Q

in external respiration, oxygen diffuses from ____ to ____ until equilibrium of ____ mmHg is reached

A

lungs; blood

104

149
Q

Henry’s Law

A
  • when a mixture of gases contacts a liquid, each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
  • dissolved gases may reenter gaseous phase if pressures change
150
Q

t/f under Henry’s law, the lower the pressure of a gas, the more of that gas goes into the liquid

A

false!

the higher the pressure of gas, the higher the amount of that gas goes into the liquid

151
Q

how is henrys law relevant to the body?

A

oxygen moves out of our lungs as gas, then enters liquid blood

152
Q 
alveolar PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide in lungs)
(external respiration)
A

40 mmHg

153
Q

pulmonary capillary PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide in blood vessels)
(external respiration)

A

45 mmHg

154
Q

in external respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses from _____ to _____ until equilibrium of ___ mmHg is reached

A

blood stream; lungs

40 mmHg

155
Q

amount of oxygen taken into blood is (equal to/greater than/less than) amount of carbon dioxide expelled

A

equal to

156
Q

is CO2 more or less soluble than O2

A

more soluble

20x

157
Q

factors affecting external respiration

A

partial pressure
solubility
ventilation-perfusion coupling
membrane surface area

158
Q

how does partial pressure affect external respiration

A

increased pressure difference –> increased exchange

159
Q

how does solubility affect external respiration

A

increased solubility –> increased exchange

160
Q

ventilation-perfusion coupling

A
  • body matches blood supply to lungs in response to amount of air that’s available
  • if more O2 available in lungs, more blood is sent to lungs to pick up that O2
  • we can increase diameter (dilate) passageway where air is passing if we need more O2 (breathe more deeply)
161
Q

how does respiratory membrane surface area affect external respiration

A

increased surface area –> increased exchange

talking about wall of alveoli + wall of capillary

162
Q

gaseous transport of oxygen

A
  • bound to hemoglobin, making oxyhemoglobin (primary method)

- dissolved in plasma (only 1.5%)

163
Q

which part of hemoglobin is oxygen bound to?

A

heme

4 oxygen per hemoglobin

164
Q

gaseous transport of CO2

A
  • bound to hemoglobin, making carboxyhemoglobin (20%)
  • dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
  • converted to bicarbonate ions (70%)
165
Q

how does carbon dioxide attach to hemoglobin

A

bound to globin

166
Q

2 functions of bicarbonate

A

transport CO2

regulate pH of blood as buffer

167
Q

Haldane effect

A

increased CO2 transport due to low partial pressure of oxygen and low hemoglobin O2 saturation
if [O2] low in blood or pressure of oxygen low in lungs, blood carries extra CO2

168
Q

how does gaseous transport of O2 and CO2 affect each other

A

if [O2] low in blood or pressure of oxygen low in lungs, blood carries extra CO2

169
Q

what is the blood buffer system

A

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer

170
Q

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer mechanism

A

CO2 leaves lungs and combines with H2O
this makes carbonic acid (H2CO3)
carbonic acid dissociates and makes bicarbonate ions

bicarbonate ions resist changes in pH by liberating or accepting H+ ions

171
Q

a buffer system is generally made up of what components

A

weak acid and its salt

172
Q 
capillary PO2 (pressure of oxygen in bloodstream)
(internal respiration)
A

104 mmHg

173
Q 
tissue PO2 (pressure of oxygen inside tissue)
(internal respiration)
A

40 mmHg

174
Q

in internal respiration, oxygen diffuses from _____ to _______ until equilibrium of ___ mmHg is reached

A

blood; tissue

40 mmHg

175
Q

in internal respiration, CO2 diffuses from _____ to _______ until equilibrium of ___ mmHg is reached

A

tissue; blood

45 mmHg

176
Q 
tissue PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide inside tissue)
(internal respiration)
A

45 mmHg

177
Q 
capillary  PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide in blood)
(internal respiration)
A

40 mmHg

178
Q

eupnea

A

normal rate of breathing

12-15 times per minute

179
Q

eupnea process

A
  1. inspiratory center composed of ventral respiratory group (VRG)
  2. VRG sends neural signal down phrenic and intercostals nerves
  3. excites diaphragm and external intercostals
  4. thorax expands
  5. air rushes into lungs
  6. VRG becomes dormant
  7. expiration occurs
  8. pattern repeats 12-15 times per minute
180
Q

where is the inspiratory center

A

in medulla (CNS)

181
Q

VRG stimulates _______

A

inspiration

182
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

assists VRG during forced or strenuous breathing
cluster of neurons
helps move extra air for deeper breathing (inspiration and expiration)

183
Q

pontine respiratory group

A

modifies (inhibits) activity of VRG
in pons
slows rate of breathing

184
Q

what causes lower rate of breathing in sleep

A

pontine respiratory group’s inhibition of VRG

185
Q

depth of breathing is a function of:

A

frequency of stimulation

186
Q

t/f increased stimulation to breathing muscles causes increased depth of breathing

A

true

187
Q

rate of breathing is a function of:

A

duration of stimulation

188
Q

t/f increased duration of stimulation of respiratory muscles causes increased rate of breathing

A

false!

increased duration of stimulation of respiratory muscles causes decreased rate of breathing

189
Q

factors affecting breathing

A 
irritant reflexes
hearing-breuer reflex
hypothalamic controls
conscious controls
chemical controls
190
Q

irritant reflexes

A

there are receptors in lungs that respond to irritants

they stimulate a reflex- a subconscious change in rate of breathing

191
Q

if there is an irritant in the air, how does our breathing change?

A

we stop inhaling, and we exhale more

192
Q

hering-breuer reflex; why do we have it

A

stretch receptors in lungs regulate breathing
if we inhaled too deeply, pressure would increase too much and damage our lungs; so stretch receptors cause us to exhale instead

193
Q

hypothalamic controls of breathing

A

if we experience pain or fear, amygdala stimulates hypothalamus
hypothalamus then changes activity of VRG

194
Q

are hypothalamic controls of breathing an indirect or direct mechanism

A

indirect

195
Q

conscious controls of breathing

A

consciously manipulating your breathing

holding your breath, or breathing faster/slower/shallower/deeper consciously

196
Q

chemical controls of breathing

A

chemoreceptors detect change in concentration of chemicals in bloodstream; send signal to brain to modify activity of medulla
most important chemoreceptor is the ones that detect conc. of CO2 in blood

197
Q

where are chemoreceptors for breathing control located?

A

in the neck

198
Q

respiratory imbalances

A

COPD
Asthma
Tuberculosis
Lung cancer

199
Q

types of COPD

A

obstructive emphysema

chronic bronchitis

200
Q

obstructive emphysema

A

decreased surface area of membrane through destruction of alveoli

201
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchial pathway
accumulation of mucus (usually from irritants) along bronchial pathway
mucus causes less gas getting into lungs and poorer gas exchange

202
Q

asthma

A

inflammation of airway
causes airway to constrict/inflame
makes it hard to get air into lungs –> feels like suffocating

203
Q

tuberculosis

A 
bacteria gets into lungs
this makes nodules, which calcify 
cannot have gas exchange at site of these nodules
immune system cant get to it
destroys lungs

highly infectious; we use antibiotics

204
Q

lung cancer

A

tumors are like “nodules” of tb
tissue isn’t normal exchange tissue; reduced gas exchange
respiratory disorder –> difficulty breathing
highly metastasizing form of cancer (die within 1 yr)

205
Q

1/__ of all cancer deaths in US are from lung cancer

A

3

206
Q

5 yr mortality of lung cancer is __%

A

7

207
Q

leading cause of lung cancer

A

cigarette smoke

208
Q

secondary smoke

A 
breathing in smoky air
class 1 carcinogen

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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