Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
types of respiration
A
pulmonary respiration
external respiration
gaseous transport
internal respiration
2
Q
pulmonary respiration
A
movement of air into and out of body
3
Q
external respiration
A
air inside lungs gets exchanges with gases in outside air
4
Q
gaseous transport
A
gases that have exchanges get circulated through the body
5
Q
internal respiration
A
gaseous exchange occurring in tissues
6
Q
respiratory apparatus
A
pathway that air travels thru
diameter of passageways gets smaller as you go deeper into respiratory apparatus
starts at nose (usually) or mouth
7
Q
normal entry path for air
A
nose
8
Q
respiratory zone
A
respiratory bronchioles plus alveoli
where gas exchange occurs
9
Q
conducting zone
A
everything larger than (above) respiratory bronchioles
moves, cleanses, humidifies, and warms air
relatively rigid, to avoid collapse
10
Q
only external part of respiratory system
A
nose
11
Q
functions of nose
A
- passageway (entryway for air)
- warms and moistens air
- filters
- resonating chamber
- olfactory receptors
12
Q
how does nose warm and moisten air
A
nasal mucosal (wet membrane)
13
Q
how does nose filter air
A
hairs in nose filter big particles (like pollen)
14
Q
respiratory functions of nose
A
passageway
warms and moistens
filters
15
Q
what does it mean that the nose is a resonating chamber?
A
“echo chamber”
tonal quality of voice is determined by echoing of nasal cavity
16
Q
voice is created in the _____ as a “buzz”
A
larynx
17
Q
components of nasal cavity
A
external nares vestibule vibrissae internal nares paranasal sinuses
18
Q
external nares
A
nostrils (openings in nose)
make constricted opening into respiratory system
force filtration of air
19
Q
vestibule
A
opening of nasal cavity after nares
20
Q
vibrissae
A
hair lining vestibule
stiffer/thicker than hair on head
21
Q
internal nares
A
passageway constricts again when you go further back
“posterior nasal apertures”
22
Q
t/f paranasal sinuses function in respiratory and nonrespiratory functions of nose
A
true
23
Q
paranasal sinuses
A
hollow cavity in bone that lightens the skull
as air passes through, it gets moistened/filtered/warmed (lined w mucosae)
also functions as increased resonation chamber
24
Q
do oral cavity and nasal cavity connect to the same place?
A
yes; but theyre separated by palate
25
front of palate
bony palate
26
back of palate
fleshy palate
27
advantage to having bony and fleshy palate
so we can eat and breathe at the same time
28
types of nasal mucosae
olfactory mucosa
| respiratory mucose
29
function of olfactory mucosa
contains smell receptors
30
components of respiratory mucosa
```
PCCE
goblet cells
mucous glands
serous glands
defensins
cilia
```
31
what do goblet cells do?
secrete mucous
32
what do serous glands do in respiratory mucosa?
secrete enzymes that increase w mucus and break down bacteria
33
defensins
like naturally produced antibiotics
| punch holes in cell walls instead of breaking antigen down completely
34
what do cilia do?
sweep stuff into throat so we cough and expel it out of body
35
food and air both use which structure/pathway?
pharynx
36
parts of pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
37
nasopharynx is made of which type of tissue?
PCCE
38
oropharynx is made of which type of tissue?
stratified squamous epithelium
39
laryngopharynx is made of which type of tissue?
stratified squamous epithelium
40
t/f only air passes thru nasopharynx
true
41
components of nasopharynx
uvula
| pharyngotympanic tubes
42
uvula
"dividing line"
| when we swallow, it blocks food from going into nose
43
pharyngotympanic tubes
tube runs from middle ear to pharynx
| allows ear to stay at same pressure
44
oropharynx
food and air pass through here
made of thick strat. squamous epi
incl fauces
45
fauces
arch where back of oral cavity goes down (to guide food in right direction)
46
laryngopharynx
food and air both in pathway (end of common pathway)
| from here, food and air split up
47
from laryngopharynx, food goes to _____ and air goes to ______-
esophagus; trachea
48
"gatekeeper "adams apple" "voice box"
larynx
49
functions of larynx
provides open airway
directs food and air
produces voice
50
how does larynx direct food and air?
epiglottis up vs epiglottis down
51
when breathing, epiglottis is ___; when swallowing, epiglottis is ___
up; down
52
tissue that lines vocal structures
PCCE
53
vocal structures
vocal folds
glottis
vestibular folds
54
which structure creates pitch?
vocal folds
55
if vocal folds are taut --> _____ pitch
high
56
if vocal folds are loose --> ____ pitch
low
57
vocal folds
tissue on sides of glottis
when air exits, vocal folds vibrate and create buzz
create pitch
58
glottis
opening to trachea
| under epiglottis
59
vestibular folds
attached to muscles
| determine tension/tightness of vocal folds
60
t/f larynx determined loudness of voice
true!
lots of air out --> high volume
little air out --> low volume
61
trachea extends from ____ to _____
neck; mediastinum
62
t/f trachea is just a passageway
true
63
trachea is made of what tissue
PCCE
64
carina
special cartilage at bottom of trachea (terminal end)
| where we split air to go into each lung
65
what are cartilage rings on trachea made of?
hyaline cartilage
66
why are cartilage rings on trachea C shaped?
back wall of trachea is shared with esophagus
| allows us to swallow efficiently and not let trachea collapse
67
tracheal layers (superficial to deep)
mucosa
submucosal layer
adventura
68
mucosa trachea layer
superficial
| made of PCCE
69
submucosal layer of trachea makeup
connective tissue
70
adventitia layer of trachea
made of connective tissue
where rings of cartilage are
deepest layer
71
bronchial tree (largest to smallest diameter)
```
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
```
72
t/f there is only one primary bronchi
false!
| there are a right and left primary bronchi, which branch directly off of trachea at carina
73
secondary bronchi
each goes to a lobe of lung
74
how many secondary bronchi on r lung? on l lung?
3; 2
| corresponds to number of lobes
75
tertiary bronchi
each goes to a segment of a lobe of lung
76
bronchioles
<1 mm diameter
| branches from tertiary bronchi
77
terminal bronchioles diameter
< .5 mm diameter
78
which parts of bronchial tree are in conducting zone?
```
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
```
79
which part(s) of bronchial tree is respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles (and alveoli)
80
respiratory bronchioles
microscopic
| lead to alveoli
81
pleural cavities
serosae (2-layered sac)
| each lung is in its own pleural cavity within thoracic cavity
82
cardiac notch
space left for heart in thoracic cavity
| why we have one less lobe in left lung
83
alveolar structure components
```
type I cells
pulmonary capillaries
respiratory membrane
type II cells
alveolar pores
alveolar macrophages
```
84
wall of alveolar sac is ___ layer(s) thick
1
85
type I cells of alveoli are made of
simple squamous epithelium
86
pulmonary capillaries
surround type I cells
| made of simple squamous epi
87
respiratory membrane
type 1 cells + capillary walls
| gases exchange here by simple diffusion
88
type II cells of alveoli
made of cuboidal cells
| secrete cytokine that functions as surfactant
89
surfactant
substance that decreases surface tension to increase gas exchange
90
alveolar pores
connect sacs together to equalize pressure to increase efficiency of gas exchange
91
alveolar macrophages
to get rid of any antigens in air before they can get into circulation
92
why would artificial surfactant be given to preemies?
they might have undeveloped type ii cells, thus decreasing gas exchange
93
parietal pleura
pleura on body cavity
94
visceral pleura
pleura on lung
| outer covering of lung
95
pleural cavity
space between parietal and visceral pleura
96
pleural fluids
fluid in pleural cavity
important to lung function
pulls lungs with it as thoracic cavity expands
97
2 phases of pulmonary ventilation
inspiration
| expiration
98
regulating factors of pulmonary ventilation
```
pressure
volume
resistance
surface tension
compliance
```
99
primary regulation factor in pulmonary ventilation
pressure
100
how does pressure regulate pulmonary ventilation
if pressure of air in lungs is less than atmospheric pressure, air goes into lungs
and vice versa
101
how does volume of lungs regulate pulmonary ventilation
it is a way to change pressure
102
how does resistance regulate pulmonary ventilation
normally negligible, but noticeable in asthma attack/choking
| resistance is friction of air against passageway --> smaller passageways have greater resistance
103
how does surface tension regulate pulmonary ventilation
liquid resistance to letting gases pass through
| increased surface tension --> decreased gas exchange (and vice versa)
104
how does compliance regulate pulmonary ventilation
compliance is elasticity of our lungs
if more elastic/compliant --> can move more air in/out
compliance may decrease with age and smoking
105
Kinds of pressure
atmospheric
intrapulmonary
intrapleural
transpulmonary
106
collapsed lung
intrapleural pressure > intrapulmonary pressure
107
atmospheric pressure
pressure of outside air pushing on us
| 760 mmHg
108
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure of air in lungs
| change in pressure allows us to breathe (low --> inhale; high --> exhale)
109
intrapleural pressure
pressure in pleural cavity
| should be less than intrapulmonary pressure
110
transpulmonary pressure
difference between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure
what keeps lung viable
111
Boyle's Law
relationship between volume and pressure
| high volume --> low pressure (and vice versa)
112
relationship between volume and pressure is a(n) ________ relationship
inverse
113
P1V1= P2V2
Boyle's Law
114
when we inhale, where do we send signals?
to diaphragm to contract --> pulls down --> enlarges thoracic cavity
to intercostal muscles --> expands rib cage
115
why do we expand the thoracic cavity and rib cage when inhaling?
to lower pressure, drawing air into lungs
116
when inhaling, air continues to move into lungs until _______
pressure is equal
117
spirograph
measure of movement of air into/out of lungs
plug your nose and put you into breathing device, so you can only breathe thru out
deep inhale/exhale
records respiratory volumes
118
respiratory volumes
```
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
anatomical dead space
```
119
tidal volume
volume of air moved into/out of lungs each time we breathe normally
usually 500 mL
120
inspiratory reserve volume
extra (maximum) air we can pull in above and beyond tidal volume
121
we are able to bring in __ times the normal amount of air when we need to
6
122
expiratory reserve volume
extra amount of air we can exhale above and beyond tidal volume when forcefully exhaled (max amt)
123
which is larger: inspiratory or expiratory reserve volume?
inspiratory
124
residual volume
air that is left in the lungs after we force out as much air as possible
125
advantage of residual volume
allows constant gas exchange
126
how can we measure residual volume?
only posthumously (when dead)
127
anatomical dead space
air not involved in gaseous exchange
| still in out respiratory pathway/being moved
128
respiratory capacities
```
adding 2+ values together
inspiratory capacity
functional residual capacity
vital capacity
total lung capacity
```
129
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
| total amount of air we could possibly bring into lungs
130
functional residual capacity
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
| amount of air available for exchange between breaths
131
vital capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve vol + expiratory reserve vol
amount of air we can manipulate/use
132
total lung capacity
vital capacity + residual volume
all air in respiratory system
~ 6L
133
list the non respiratory air movements
```
coughing
sneezing
crying
laughing
hiccuping
yawning
```
134
what does nonrespiratory air movement mean?
not normal breathing that moves air in and out of lungs
| disrupts normal breathing pattern
135
760 mmHg is atmospheric pressure at _______
sea level
136
everything other than N and O in atmosphere combined is __%
less than 1
137
main components of atmosphere
nitrogen (most)
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water
138
atmospheric % N is ______ than alveolar % N
slightly higher
139
atmospheric % O is ______ than alveolar % O
higher
140
atmospheric % CO2 is ______ than alveolar % CO2
much lower
141
atmospheric % H2O is ______ than alveolar % H2O
much lower
142
why is composition of gas different in atmosphere vs alveoli?
- gaseous exchange
- residual air mixed with new air
- conducting zone moistens incoming air
143
law of partial pressures is also known as ______
Dalton's law
144
Dalton's Law
- pressure exerted by mixture of gases is SUM of pressures of each individual gas
- partial pressure of any gas in a mixture is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to its % composition
145
external respiration
exchange of gases in lungs (between lungs and bloodstream)
146
```
alveolar PO2 (pressure of oxygen in lungs)
(external respiration)
```
104 mmHg
147
pulmonary capillary PO2 (pressure of oxygen in blood vessels)
(external respiration)
40 mmHg
148
in external respiration, oxygen diffuses from ____ to ____ until equilibrium of ____ mmHg is reached
lungs; blood
| 104
149
Henry's Law
- when a mixture of gases contacts a liquid, each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
- dissolved gases may reenter gaseous phase if pressures change
150
t/f under Henry's law, the lower the pressure of a gas, the more of that gas goes into the liquid
false!
| the higher the pressure of gas, the higher the amount of that gas goes into the liquid
151
how is henrys law relevant to the body?
oxygen moves out of our lungs as gas, then enters liquid blood
152
```
alveolar PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide in lungs)
(external respiration)
```
40 mmHg
153
pulmonary capillary PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide in blood vessels)
(external respiration)
45 mmHg
154
in external respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses from _____ to _____ until equilibrium of ___ mmHg is reached
blood stream; lungs
| 40 mmHg
155
amount of oxygen taken into blood is (equal to/greater than/less than) amount of carbon dioxide expelled
equal to
156
is CO2 more or less soluble than O2
more soluble
| 20x
157
factors affecting external respiration
partial pressure
solubility
ventilation-perfusion coupling
membrane surface area
158
how does partial pressure affect external respiration
increased pressure difference --> increased exchange
159
how does solubility affect external respiration
increased solubility --> increased exchange
160
ventilation-perfusion coupling
- body matches blood supply to lungs in response to amount of air that's available
- if more O2 available in lungs, more blood is sent to lungs to pick up that O2
- we can increase diameter (dilate) passageway where air is passing if we need more O2 (breathe more deeply)
161
how does respiratory membrane surface area affect external respiration
increased surface area --> increased exchange
| talking about wall of alveoli + wall of capillary
162
gaseous transport of oxygen
- bound to hemoglobin, making oxyhemoglobin (primary method)
| - dissolved in plasma (only 1.5%)
163
which part of hemoglobin is oxygen bound to?
heme
| 4 oxygen per hemoglobin
164
gaseous transport of CO2
- bound to hemoglobin, making carboxyhemoglobin (20%)
- dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
- converted to bicarbonate ions (70%)
165
how does carbon dioxide attach to hemoglobin
bound to globin
166
2 functions of bicarbonate
transport CO2
| regulate pH of blood as buffer
167
Haldane effect
increased CO2 transport due to low partial pressure of oxygen and low hemoglobin O2 saturation
if [O2] low in blood or pressure of oxygen low in lungs, blood carries extra CO2
168
how does gaseous transport of O2 and CO2 affect each other
if [O2] low in blood or pressure of oxygen low in lungs, blood carries extra CO2
169
what is the blood buffer system
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
170
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer mechanism
CO2 leaves lungs and combines with H2O
this makes carbonic acid (H2CO3)
carbonic acid dissociates and makes bicarbonate ions
bicarbonate ions resist changes in pH by liberating or accepting H+ ions
171
a buffer system is generally made up of what components
weak acid and its salt
172
```
capillary PO2 (pressure of oxygen in bloodstream)
(internal respiration)
```
104 mmHg
173
```
tissue PO2 (pressure of oxygen inside tissue)
(internal respiration)
```
40 mmHg
174
in internal respiration, oxygen diffuses from _____ to _______ until equilibrium of ___ mmHg is reached
blood; tissue
| 40 mmHg
175
in internal respiration, CO2 diffuses from _____ to _______ until equilibrium of ___ mmHg is reached
tissue; blood
| 45 mmHg
176
```
tissue PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide inside tissue)
(internal respiration)
```
45 mmHg
177
```
capillary PCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide in blood)
(internal respiration)
```
40 mmHg
178
eupnea
normal rate of breathing
| 12-15 times per minute
179
eupnea process
1. inspiratory center composed of ventral respiratory group (VRG)
2. VRG sends neural signal down phrenic and intercostals nerves
3. excites diaphragm and external intercostals
4. thorax expands
5. air rushes into lungs
6. VRG becomes dormant
7. expiration occurs
8. pattern repeats 12-15 times per minute
180
where is the inspiratory center
in medulla (CNS)
181
VRG stimulates _______
inspiration
182
dorsal respiratory group
assists VRG during forced or strenuous breathing
cluster of neurons
helps move extra air for deeper breathing (inspiration and expiration)
183
pontine respiratory group
modifies (inhibits) activity of VRG
in pons
slows rate of breathing
184
what causes lower rate of breathing in sleep
pontine respiratory group's inhibition of VRG
185
depth of breathing is a function of:
frequency of stimulation
186
t/f increased stimulation to breathing muscles causes increased depth of breathing
true
187
rate of breathing is a function of:
duration of stimulation
188
t/f increased duration of stimulation of respiratory muscles causes increased rate of breathing
false!
| increased duration of stimulation of respiratory muscles causes decreased rate of breathing
189
factors affecting breathing
```
irritant reflexes
hearing-breuer reflex
hypothalamic controls
conscious controls
chemical controls
```
190
irritant reflexes
there are receptors in lungs that respond to irritants
| they stimulate a reflex- a subconscious change in rate of breathing
191
if there is an irritant in the air, how does our breathing change?
we stop inhaling, and we exhale more
192
hering-breuer reflex; why do we have it
stretch receptors in lungs regulate breathing
if we inhaled too deeply, pressure would increase too much and damage our lungs; so stretch receptors cause us to exhale instead
193
hypothalamic controls of breathing
if we experience pain or fear, amygdala stimulates hypothalamus
hypothalamus then changes activity of VRG
194
are hypothalamic controls of breathing an indirect or direct mechanism
indirect
195
conscious controls of breathing
consciously manipulating your breathing
| holding your breath, or breathing faster/slower/shallower/deeper consciously
196
chemical controls of breathing
chemoreceptors detect change in concentration of chemicals in bloodstream; send signal to brain to modify activity of medulla
most important chemoreceptor is the ones that detect conc. of CO2 in blood
197
where are chemoreceptors for breathing control located?
in the neck
198
respiratory imbalances
COPD
Asthma
Tuberculosis
Lung cancer
199
types of COPD
obstructive emphysema
| chronic bronchitis
200
obstructive emphysema
decreased surface area of membrane through destruction of alveoli
201
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of bronchial pathway
accumulation of mucus (usually from irritants) along bronchial pathway
mucus causes less gas getting into lungs and poorer gas exchange
202
asthma
inflammation of airway
causes airway to constrict/inflame
makes it hard to get air into lungs --> feels like suffocating
203
tuberculosis
```
bacteria gets into lungs
this makes nodules, which calcify
cannot have gas exchange at site of these nodules
immune system cant get to it
destroys lungs
```
highly infectious; we use antibiotics
204
lung cancer
tumors are like "nodules" of tb
tissue isn't normal exchange tissue; reduced gas exchange
respiratory disorder --> difficulty breathing
highly metastasizing form of cancer (die within 1 yr)
205
1/__ of all cancer deaths in US are from lung cancer
3
206
5 yr mortality of lung cancer is __%
7
207
leading cause of lung cancer
cigarette smoke
208
secondary smoke
```
breathing in smoky air
class 1 carcinogen
```
