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Anatomy II > Fluid > Flashcards

Fluid Flashcards

1
Q

effects on fluid balance

A

age, muscle, body fat, sex

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2
Q

how does age affect fluid balance

A

lose fluid as we age

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3
Q

how does muscle affect fluid balance

A

more muscle = more fluid retention

fluid retention increases as body mass increases, esp muscle mass

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4
Q

how does body fat affect fluid balance

A

more adipose tissue causes less fluid retention

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5
Q

how does sex affect fluid balance

A

men retain more fluid than womn
testosterone (M) causes more muscle –> more fluid
estrogen (F) causes more adipose –> less fluid

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6
Q

fluid compartments

A

intracellular

extracellular

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7
Q

body is ____% water

A

50-60

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8
Q

intracellular fluid compartment

A

2/3 of body fluid is in cytosol of cells

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9
Q

extracellular fluid compartments

A

1/3 of fluid in interstitial space or blood volume (mostly interstitial space)
fluid in interstitial space is interstitial fluid; fluid in blood is plasma

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10
Q

fluid composition

A

water
nonelectrolytes
electrolytes

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11
Q

why does water need to be in fluid

A

it makes things biologically active

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12
Q

nonelectrolytes

A 
organic molecules (do not associate in water)
can cause osmotic gradients
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13
Q

electrolytes

A

ions (inorganic salts, acids, bases, proteins)
dissociate in water
much stronger osmotic power than nonelectrolytes

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14
Q

composition of electrolytes

A 
varies in different body parts
sodium (mostly outside cells)
potassium (mostly inside cells)
bicarbonate (buffer mostly outside cells)
phosphate (buffer inside cell)
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15
Q

if high electrolyte concentration inside cell, then low electrolyte concentration outside cell except…

A

except proteins

bc we cannot filter out blood proteins

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16
Q

2 types of fluid movement

A

between plasma and interstitial fluid

between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

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17
Q

fluid movement between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

out of blood into interstitial fluid
most escape and come back in
bp regulates this

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18
Q

major factor of fluid movement between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

A

osmotic gradient across selectively permeable membrane

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19
Q

2 factors that regulate fluid movement

A 
osmotic gradients (ionic concentrations)
hydrostatic pressures (high to low pressure)
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20
Q

what factor is more important for intracellular fluid movement

A

osmotic gradients

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21
Q

what factor is more important for plasma movement

A

hydrostatic pressures

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22
Q

ways to intake water

A

ingestion

metabolic water

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23
Q

metabolic water

A

oxidation/cell respiration makes H2O

doesn’t produce enough to live

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24
Q

ways to output water

A

vaporization (exhale; insensible water loss)
perspiration (sweat; sensible water loss)
elimination
urination
vomiting

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25
Q

regulation mechanisms for water input/output

A
  • increase in plasma osmolality or decrease in blood volume promotes thirst
  • decrease in extracellular fluid osmolality (diluted blood) decreases ADH absorption and causes us to reabsorb less water
  • large decrease in bp increases ADH production
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26
Q

how is thirst promoted?

A

increase in plasma osmolality (blood getting more concentrated) or decrease in blood volume
increase in plasma osmolality is detected by chemoreceptors which send signal to brain
decreased blood volume decreases bp which is detected by baroreceptors

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27
Q

how does decrease in extracellular fluid osmolality affect things?

A

it causes decreased ADH absorption so we do not reabsorb as much water
ADH isn’t absorbed so aquaporins stay closed and filtrate concentration decreases

28
Q

how is ADH production affected by large decrease in bp

A

increases ADH

so we absorb more water and increase bp

29
Q

how to intake electrolyes

A

ingestion

metabolic production

30
Q

metabolic production of electrolytes

A

when we break things down (esp nucleic acids)

nucleic acid metabolism produces salts

31
Q

how do we output electrolytes

A

perspiration
elimination
urination
vomiting

32
Q

what is sodium most important for

A

creating osmotic gradients

33
Q

where is sodium concentration greatest

A

extracellular fluid compartments

34
Q

sodium regulation

A

linked to bp and blood volume (monitored by baroreceptors)
no chemoreceptors monitoring Na concentration
90% Na absorbed naturally

35
Q

6 factors/mechanisms of Na regulation

A 
aldosterone
cardiovascular baroreceptors 
ANP
estrogen
progesterone
glucocorticoids
36
Q

Aldosterone mechanism of Na regulation

A

major regulator of Na
increased aldosterone –> increased sodium absorption –> decreased urinary output
ADH can increase aldosterone’s effect
most active in ascending limb of loop of henle
MD cells sense change in solute concentration of fluid in DCT –> activate JG cells –> secrete renin
H2O follows Na –> increased blood volume, increased bp –> shuts off renin and aldosterone

37
Q

t/f ADH can decrease effects of aldosterone

A

false!

ADH increases effects of aldosterone

38
Q

where is aldosterone produced

A

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

39
Q

cardiovascular baroreceptor mechanism of sodium regulation

A

cardiovascular baroreceptors detect changes in bp near heart
increase in bp –> decrease in sympathetic stimulation of kidney –> afferent arteriole dilates –> increased gfr –> increased Na output –> increased urinary output –> decreased blood vol, decreased bp
feedback mechanism to regulate bp

40
Q

ANP mechanism of Na regulation

A

produced by heart when bp is high
stretch of heart wall triggers production
causes vasodilation, incr. filtration, decr. ADH (aquaporins close), decr. renin, decr. aldosterone

41
Q

estrogen mechanism of Na regulation

A

increases Na absorption

42
Q

progesterone mechanism of Na regulation

A

decreases Na absorption

43
Q

glucocorticoids mechanism of Na regulation

A

increases Na absorption

synergists for aldosterone

44
Q

blood pH

A

7.35-7.4

45
Q

pH of intracellular fluid

A

~7

due to CO2

46
Q

why does body need to maintain neutral pH

A

for catalyst functioning

47
Q

sources of H+

A

dietary, metabolic

48
Q

acidosis

A

too acidic

49
Q

alkalosis

A

too basic (high pH)

50
Q

respiratory acid/base alterations

A 
caused by change in rate of breathing 
function of CO2
51
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

decreased gas exchange, slowed breathing

causes CO2 accumulation in blood

52
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation

causes loss of a lot of CO2

53
Q

metabolic acid/base conditions

A

abnormalities for reason other than CO2

54
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

vomiting promotes alkalosis

55
Q

t/f alkalosis promotes vomiitng

A

true

56
Q

systems of acid-base regulation

A

chemical buffer systems
physiological buffer systems
renal mechanisms

57
Q

chemical buffer systems

A

temporary mechanism
proton donors or acceptors (temporary binding)
bicarbonate, phosphate, or proteins

58
Q

bicarbonate chemical buffer system

A

important in extracellular fluid coompartment
more outside than inside
buffers by donating or accepting H+

59
Q

phosphate buffer system

A

most active inside cell

accept or liberate H+ ions

60
Q

protein chemical buffer system

A

act as amphoteric molecules
proteins can be found in intracellular or extracellular compartments (this is why it is most important)
only temporary

61
Q

physiological buffer systems

A

change in respiratory gas exchange (change in breathing rate) to retain or lose CO2
only works with CO2
slower, but 2x more Power of all chemical buffer systems combined
changes blood pH and changes breathing rate

62
Q

___ in blood pH is correlated with ___ in breathing rate

A

increase; decrease

63
Q

renal mechanisms

A

eliminate all acids except CO2
permanently change pH of body
3 kinds: reabsorbing bicarbonate, bicarbonate synthesis, bicarbonate excretion

64
Q

reabsorbing bicarbonate

A

renal mechanism
bicarbonate reabsorbed out of tubules cells and back into bloodstream
what would have been lost in urine

65
Q

bicarbonate synthesis

A

renal mechanism of acid/base regulation
as we excrete acids, acids combine to make bicarbonate
this is producing new bicarbonate in kidneys

66
Q

bicarbonate excretion

A

renal mechanism of acid/base regulation

no absorption, extra bicarbonate is moved out into urine for excretion

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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