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Anatomy II > Fluid > Flashcards

Fluid Flashcards

1
Q

effects on fluid balance

A

age, muscle, body fat, sex

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2
Q

how does age affect fluid balance

A

lose fluid as we age

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3
Q

how does muscle affect fluid balance

A

more muscle = more fluid retention

fluid retention increases as body mass increases, esp muscle mass

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4
Q

how does body fat affect fluid balance

A

more adipose tissue causes less fluid retention

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5
Q

how does sex affect fluid balance

A

men retain more fluid than womn
testosterone (M) causes more muscle –> more fluid
estrogen (F) causes more adipose –> less fluid

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6
Q

fluid compartments

A

intracellular

extracellular

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7
Q

body is ____% water

A

50-60

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8
Q

intracellular fluid compartment

A

2/3 of body fluid is in cytosol of cells

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9
Q

extracellular fluid compartments

A

1/3 of fluid in interstitial space or blood volume (mostly interstitial space)
fluid in interstitial space is interstitial fluid; fluid in blood is plasma

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10
Q

fluid composition

A

water
nonelectrolytes
electrolytes

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11
Q

why does water need to be in fluid

A

it makes things biologically active

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12
Q

nonelectrolytes

A 
organic molecules (do not associate in water)
can cause osmotic gradients
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13
Q

electrolytes

A

ions (inorganic salts, acids, bases, proteins)
dissociate in water
much stronger osmotic power than nonelectrolytes

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14
Q

composition of electrolytes

A 
varies in different body parts
sodium (mostly outside cells)
potassium (mostly inside cells)
bicarbonate (buffer mostly outside cells)
phosphate (buffer inside cell)
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15
Q

if high electrolyte concentration inside cell, then low electrolyte concentration outside cell except…

A

except proteins

bc we cannot filter out blood proteins

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16
Q

2 types of fluid movement

A

between plasma and interstitial fluid

between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

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17
Q

fluid movement between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

out of blood into interstitial fluid
most escape and come back in
bp regulates this

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18
Q

major factor of fluid movement between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

A

osmotic gradient across selectively permeable membrane

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19
Q

2 factors that regulate fluid movement

A 
osmotic gradients (ionic concentrations)
hydrostatic pressures (high to low pressure)
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20
Q

what factor is more important for intracellular fluid movement

A

osmotic gradients

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21
Q

what factor is more important for plasma movement

A

hydrostatic pressures

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22
Q

ways to intake water

A

ingestion

metabolic water

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23
Q

metabolic water

A

oxidation/cell respiration makes H2O

doesn’t produce enough to live

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24
Q

ways to output water

A

vaporization (exhale; insensible water loss)
perspiration (sweat; sensible water loss)
elimination
urination
vomiting

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25
regulation mechanisms for water input/output
- increase in plasma osmolality or decrease in blood volume promotes thirst - decrease in extracellular fluid osmolality (diluted blood) decreases ADH absorption and causes us to reabsorb less water - large decrease in bp increases ADH production
26
how is thirst promoted?
increase in plasma osmolality (blood getting more concentrated) or decrease in blood volume increase in plasma osmolality is detected by chemoreceptors which send signal to brain decreased blood volume decreases bp which is detected by baroreceptors
27
how does decrease in extracellular fluid osmolality affect things?
it causes decreased ADH absorption so we do not reabsorb as much water ADH isn't absorbed so aquaporins stay closed and filtrate concentration decreases
28
how is ADH production affected by large decrease in bp
increases ADH | so we absorb more water and increase bp
29
how to intake electrolyes
ingestion | metabolic production
30
metabolic production of electrolytes
when we break things down (esp nucleic acids) | nucleic acid metabolism produces salts
31
how do we output electrolytes
perspiration elimination urination vomiting
32
what is sodium most important for
creating osmotic gradients
33
where is sodium concentration greatest
extracellular fluid compartments
34
sodium regulation
linked to bp and blood volume (monitored by baroreceptors) no chemoreceptors monitoring Na concentration 90% Na absorbed naturally
35
6 factors/mechanisms of Na regulation
``` aldosterone cardiovascular baroreceptors ANP estrogen progesterone glucocorticoids ```
36
Aldosterone mechanism of Na regulation
major regulator of Na increased aldosterone --> increased sodium absorption --> decreased urinary output ADH can increase aldosterone's effect most active in ascending limb of loop of henle MD cells sense change in solute concentration of fluid in DCT --> activate JG cells --> secrete renin H2O follows Na --> increased blood volume, increased bp --> shuts off renin and aldosterone
37
t/f ADH can decrease effects of aldosterone
false! | ADH increases effects of aldosterone
38
where is aldosterone produced
zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
39
cardiovascular baroreceptor mechanism of sodium regulation
cardiovascular baroreceptors detect changes in bp near heart increase in bp --> decrease in sympathetic stimulation of kidney --> afferent arteriole dilates --> increased gfr --> increased Na output --> increased urinary output --> decreased blood vol, decreased bp feedback mechanism to regulate bp
40
ANP mechanism of Na regulation
produced by heart when bp is high stretch of heart wall triggers production causes vasodilation, incr. filtration, decr. ADH (aquaporins close), decr. renin, decr. aldosterone
41
estrogen mechanism of Na regulation
increases Na absorption
42
progesterone mechanism of Na regulation
decreases Na absorption
43
glucocorticoids mechanism of Na regulation
increases Na absorption | synergists for aldosterone
44
blood pH
7.35-7.4
45
pH of intracellular fluid
~7 | due to CO2
46
why does body need to maintain neutral pH
for catalyst functioning
47
sources of H+
dietary, metabolic
48
acidosis
too acidic
49
alkalosis
too basic (high pH)
50
respiratory acid/base alterations
``` caused by change in rate of breathing function of CO2 ```
51
respiratory acidosis
decreased gas exchange, slowed breathing | causes CO2 accumulation in blood
52
respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation | causes loss of a lot of CO2
53
metabolic acid/base conditions
abnormalities for reason other than CO2
54
metabolic alkalosis
vomiting promotes alkalosis
55
t/f alkalosis promotes vomiitng
true
56
systems of acid-base regulation
chemical buffer systems physiological buffer systems renal mechanisms
57
chemical buffer systems
temporary mechanism proton donors or acceptors (temporary binding) bicarbonate, phosphate, or proteins
58
bicarbonate chemical buffer system
important in extracellular fluid coompartment more outside than inside buffers by donating or accepting H+
59
phosphate buffer system
most active inside cell | accept or liberate H+ ions
60
protein chemical buffer system
act as amphoteric molecules proteins can be found in intracellular or extracellular compartments (this is why it is most important) only temporary
61
physiological buffer systems
change in respiratory gas exchange (change in breathing rate) to retain or lose CO2 only works with CO2 slower, but 2x more Power of all chemical buffer systems combined changes blood pH and changes breathing rate
62
___ in blood pH is correlated with ___ in breathing rate
increase; decrease
63
renal mechanisms
eliminate all acids except CO2 permanently change pH of body 3 kinds: reabsorbing bicarbonate, bicarbonate synthesis, bicarbonate excretion
64
reabsorbing bicarbonate
renal mechanism bicarbonate reabsorbed out of tubules cells and back into bloodstream what would have been lost in urine
65
bicarbonate synthesis
renal mechanism of acid/base regulation as we excrete acids, acids combine to make bicarbonate this is producing new bicarbonate in kidneys
66
bicarbonate excretion
renal mechanism of acid/base regulation | no absorption, extra bicarbonate is moved out into urine for excretion

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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