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Anatomy II > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

general functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • picks up fluid left behind in interstitial space so it doesnt accumulate –> gets it back into circulation
  • assists immune system in making sure we get rid of foreign things causing us illness
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2
Q

components of the lymphatic system

A

lymph
lymphatic vessels
lymphoid tissues and organs

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3
Q

lymph

A

fluid component of lymphatic system

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4
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

contain/carry lymph
some go through lymphatic organs to be filtered
branch from smaller to larger

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5
Q

lymphatic vessels branch from ___ to ____

A

smaller to larger

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6
Q

3 possible functions of lymphoid tissues and organs

A

filter lymph
filter blood
filter things we are swallowing/breathing

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7
Q

how is edema caused?

A

if fluid leaks out in capillary bed and isn’t taken up by lymphatic vessels, there is a continual leakage of that fluid which causes edema

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8
Q

primary objective of lymph; secondary objective of lymph

A
  1. maintain fluid volumes

2. filter the fluid to assist immune system

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9
Q

difference between lymphatic circulation and blood circulation

A

lymphatic circulation only goes in one direction

from the body to the thoracic cavity

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10
Q

t/f there is a pump that helps lymph move back to the thoracic cavity

A

false

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11
Q

lymph is the ____ components of plasma

A

escaped

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12
Q

how does plasma fluid become lymph?

A

some plasma escapes circulation, accumulates in interstitial spaces, and is taken up by lymph vessels which take it back to circulation

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13
Q

why may lymph have proteins in it?

A

because it doesn’t just come from plasma; it comes from cells and extracellular transports too
picks up proteins from interstitial fluids

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14
Q

how do proteins enter into circulation

A

fluid picks up proteins from interstitial fluids, then gets into lymph
lymph is dumped into circulatory system, then proteins enter circulation

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15
Q

t/f lymphatic vessels deliver lymph to and from the thoracic cavity

A

false! lymphatic vessels are only involved in one-way flow toward the heart

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16
Q

smallest of all lymphatic vessels

A

lymphatic capillaries

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17
Q

characteristics of lymphatic capillaries

A

formed by a single layer of loosely overlapping endothelial cells (like shingles on a roof)
anchored by collagen filaments/fibers
dead-ended structures that allow lymph to move in; start pushing by pressure

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18
Q

why are lymphatic capillaries anchored by collagen filaments?

A

so that they can pivot, which creates an opening which allows fluid to move into capillaries

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19
Q

why are lymphatic capillaries said to be “dead-ended”?

A

there is no capillary bed

they can only move things in and go in one direction

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20
Q

what is the minivalve system?

A

lymph movement mechanism in lymphatic capillaries

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21
Q

how does the mini valve system work?

A

Fluid coming into capillary creates pressure, which pushes lymph along vessels:

  • lymphatic capillaries pivot, creating an opening for fluid to move into capillaries
  • accumulation of pressures of fluids cause things to enter or be moved through lymph capillary
  • once enough fluid is inside, it pushes those back closed
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22
Q

lacteals

A

lymphatic capillaries of the intestinal walls (in villi)

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23
Q

chyle

A

lymph in lacteals (intestinal lymph)

composition of chyle is different than the lymph in the rest of the body because it has a different fat composition

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24
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections into lumen of intestine

contain lacteals

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25
Q

why does the intestinal “tube” have villi?

A

villi increase the surface area so we can absorb more nutrients

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26
Q

we can move which nutrient into lymph system at a higher rate than other things from the intestines?

A

digested fats!

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27
Q

how does nutrient digestion work? (generally)

A
  • we absorb fluid and digested nutrients out of intestines
  • nutrients are are absorbed into lacteals
  • nutrients become part of lymph (esp digested fats)
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28
Q

lymphatic capillaries merge into ________

A

lymphatic collecting vessels

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29
Q

how many tunics are in lymphatic collection vessels?

A

3

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30
Q

walls of lymphatic collecting vessels are ____ than veins

A

thinner

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31
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels are most similar to which circulatory vessel?

A

veins

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32
Q

t/f lymphatic collecting vessels contain valves

A

true! they contain more valves than veins!

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33
Q

why do lymphatic collecting vessels have more valves than veins?

A

because lymph is under VERY low pressure

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34
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels empty into ______

A

lymphatic trunks

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35
Q

lymphatic trunks

A

lymphatic vessels which drain relatively large areas of the body
all lymphatic collecting vessels empty here

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36
Q

t/f lymphatic trunks drain and supply large areas of the body

A

false! they only DRAIN

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37
Q

all lymphatic trunks empty into 2 major _______

A

lymphatic ducts

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38
Q

major lymphatic trunks are named based on _______

A

the part of the body that they drain

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39
Q

5 major lymphatic trunks

A 
1 bronchomediastinal
2 subclavian
3 jugular
4 lumbar
5 intestinal
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40
Q

bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk drains which area of the body?

A

thoracic cavity

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41
Q

subclavian lymphatic trunk drains which area of the body?

A

upper limbs

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42
Q

jugular lymphatic trunk drains which area of the body?

A

head/neck

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43
Q

lumbar lymphatic trunk drains which area of the body?

A

lower extremities

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44
Q

intestinal lymphatic trunk drains which area of the body?

A

abdominal cavity

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45
Q

2 lymphatic ducts

A

right lymphatic duct

thoracic duct

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46
Q

right lymphatic duct drains which areas of the body?

A

head
upper arm
thorax

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47
Q

thoracic duct drains which parts of the body?

A

everywhere OTHER THAN WHERE R LYMPHATIC DUCT DRAINS

rest of body EXCEPT head, upper arm, thorax

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48
Q

t/f thoracic duct drains the thorax

A

false! the r lymphatic duct drains the thorax, along with the head and upper arm

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49
Q

cisterna chyli

A

saclike structure that is basically the beginning of thoracic duct, lower in the body

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50
Q

the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct are located where?

A

on opposite sides of the neck

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51
Q

the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct both feed into the same spot; where is it?

A

junction between the jugular vein and subclavian vein

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52
Q

where does lymph empty into the veins?

A

junction between jugular vein and subclavian vein

this is where lymphatic ducts feed into

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53
Q

why do the lymphatic ducts empty into circulation at the junction between jugular and subclavian veins?

A

this is the place where pressure of blood in veins is lower than pressure of lymph
just before getting to the heart, so vein bp is reallllyyyyy low

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54
Q

factors assisting lymphatic flow (what helps push lymph toward junction drain)

A 
1 valves
2 muscular pump
3 respiratory pump
4 arterial pumping
5 smooth muscle contraction
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55
Q

which vessel in the lymphatic system contains valves?

A

lymphatic collecting vessels

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56
Q

order of lymphatic vessels from smallest to largest

A

lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic collecting vessels
lymphatic trunks
lymphatic ducts

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57
Q

if you have a cold, why is it good to increase physical activity?

A

movement of skeletal muscles pumps the lymph more, so it gets filtered more, which is good for the immune system!

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58
Q

lymphedema

A

if lymph is not circulating properly, lymph may accumulate in an area because it is not moving

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59
Q

muscular pump of lymphatic system

A

action of skeletal muscle
as we move skeletal muscle, the muscle pushes against lymphatic vessels and squeezes/pushes lymph toward the thoracic cavity

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60
Q

lymphedema is caused by failure to utilize which factor in assisting lymph flow?

A

muscular pump

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61
Q

respiratory pump of lymphatic system

A

change in pressure in thoracic cavity causes fluids to move in

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62
Q

arterial pumping mechanism

A

pumping of blood in arteries helps flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels:

  • the heart pushes blood out during systolic ejection
  • the blood goes through arteries in waves
  • when blood pushes into lymphatic vessels, it can push the lymph because of this force
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63
Q

how does smooth muscle contraction help with lymphatic flow?

A

in lymphatic trunks and thoracic duct, smooth muscle contracts in peristaltic waves
this milks the vessels to push lymph in one direction

64
Q

all blood cells are produced where?

A

bone marrow

65
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

b cells

t cells

66
Q

lymphatic system accumulates ______ and can do its immune function by finding and attacking antigens

A

lymphocytes

67
Q

what type of cell is a lymphocyte?

A

white blood cell

68
Q

where are b cells produced?

where do b cells become immunocompetent?

A

produced in red bone marrow

become immunocompetent in bone marrow

69
Q

where are t cells produced?

where do t cells become immunocompetent?

A

produced in red bone marrow

leave bone marrow; become immunocompetent in thymus

70
Q

primary lymphatic organs

A

bone marrow and thymus

71
Q

primary lymphatic organs are where ________ occurs

A

immunocompetence of B cells and T cells

72
Q

secondary lymphatic organs are where _____ occurs

A

where cells go after becoming immunocompetent to “hang out”

73
Q

immunocompetency

A

an immature naive lymphocyte gets a receptor on its surface, which is specific to be able to grab hold of a certain thing (antigen)

aka maturing

74
Q

what does it mean that lymphocytes are “genetically programmed” to grab hold of a certain antigen?

A

we do not need to come into contact with the specific antigen to have made the cells that fight them

75
Q

how do we get the receptors which make lymphocytes immunocompetent?

A
  • receptors are proteins, which are products of DNA

- the wbc’s DNA contains program to produce the protein that gets incorporated into surface of cell

76
Q

types of lymphoid cells

A

lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
reticular cells

77
Q

macrophages

A

lymphoid cells which started as monocytes, then went through diapedesis and became a phagocytic cell

78
Q

which lymphoid cells directly interact with the “invading cells”

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

79
Q

phagocytic cells

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

80
Q

why are macrophages and dendritic cells considered “active, functional cells?”

A

they get rid of cellular debris and attack/consume foreign things

81
Q

t/f reticular cells directly interact with the antigen

A

false

82
Q

what type of tissue are reticular cells made of?

A

reticular tissue

83
Q

function of reticular cells

A

they make a lattice/mesh to hold all other cells in space

this mesh is called a stroma

84
Q

stroma

A

a network of reticular fibers that supports other cells
occurs in localized places in lymphatic organs
has different names in different places

85
Q

t/f reticular cells produce a lattice that covers the entire lymphatic organ

A

false; it is confined to localized places in lymphatic organs

86
Q

most tissue in lymphatic structures is ________

A

diffuse lymph tissue

87
Q

what is embedded in diffuse lymph tissue?

A

clusters of reticular fibers, which allow the accumulation of active cells

88
Q

clusters of reticular fibers are also known as

A

nodes
germinal centers
stroma

89
Q

functions of lymphoid tissue

A

proliferation site for lymphocytes

allows detection of infection or damage

90
Q

what does it mean that lymphoid tissue is the proliferation site for lymphocytes?

A

lymphocytes are attracted to this area and accumulate here

91
Q

which lymphocytes proliferate in lymphoid tissue?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

92
Q

how does lymphoid tissue allow for detection of infection/damage?

A

lymph passes by nodes (area where all the cells are hanging out)
if anything foreign is in the lymph, the cells can attack it and get rid of it

93
Q

_____ are like TSA security

A

nodes

94
Q

what does the node look like?

A

reticular fibers create web to hold all other cells in place
macrophages are attached and held in place by reticular fibers
lymphocytes are in between fibers, but unattached

95
Q

lymphoid organs

A 
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
tonsils
peyers patches
96
Q

principal lymphatic organs of the human body

A

lymph nodes

97
Q

how many (ballpark) lymph nodes are in the human body

A

100s to 1000s

98
Q

vessels pass through many ____ before being dumped into circulation

A

lymph nodes!

99
Q

what do lymph nodes filter?

A

lymph!

100
Q

how do lymph nodes filter lymph?

A

while the lymph flows through, a bunch of immune-type cells are hanging out in reticular centers to detect and act on any antigens

101
Q

3 reasons why we can live without the spleen

A
  • filtering lymph can be handled by lymph nodes
  • recycling RBCs can be handled by liver
  • storage of things (like platelets) can occur in other areas of body
102
Q

largest lymphatic organ

A

spleen!

it is the size of ur fist :)

103
Q

how is lymph supplied to the spleen?

A

by blood!

104
Q

what does the spleen filter? how?

A

blood!

  • blood moves into spleen
  • plasma moves out of circulation and gets filtered by spleen
  • then plasma moves back into circulation
105
Q

the spleen filters ___ by filtering ____

A

blood; lymph

106
Q

which works more on blood: spleen or lymph nodes?

A

spleen

107
Q

what is in the spleen to help it filter?

A

lymphocytes, macrophages, etc

all hanging out

108
Q

secondary functions of the spleen

A
  • recycling RBCs (breaking down and removing old/defective RBCs and platelets)
  • storing things like platelets
  • embryo’s site of RBC production
109
Q

site of RBC production in embryo? why?

A

spleen! because it does not have bone marrow!

110
Q

what does the thymus filter?

A

NOTHING! (tricked ya lolz)

111
Q

how does thymus activity change as we age?

A

functions most early in life, then deteriorates with age

112
Q

major function of thymus

A

promote immunocompetence in T lymphocyte cells

113
Q

how long can immunocompetence last in T cells?

A

over 70 years :)

114
Q

t/f we have one set of tonsils

A

false! we have several ~

115
Q

where is the major set of tonsils located? do they get infected most or least?

A

palatine tonsils- in back of mouth next to uvula

they get infected the most

116
Q

function of tonsils

A

filter food/drinks we are swallowing and air we are inhaling

117
Q

where are Peyers patches located?

A

in distal (far) portion of small intestine, into the large intestine (even into the appendix!)

118
Q

what do peyer’s patches do?

A

food we are eating could be contaminated with bacteria
as we absorb that food, it passes through peyers patch
if bacteria present –> immune system activated

119
Q

what happens when peyer’s patches activate B and T immune cells?

A

B and T cells produce memory cells

120
Q

memory cells

A

cells produced by B and T immune cells that give us long term immunity for the things we came into contact with that could be infectious

121
Q

lymph node action

A
  1. lymph enters node via afferent lymphatic vessels
  2. lymph filters through sinuses/germinal centers
  3. lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels at hilus
122
Q

afferent vessels on lymph node

A

where lymph arrives
empty lymph into lymph node
more than 2 on each node

123
Q

after lymph ultimately passes out of lymph node, efferent vessels may become ______ for another lymph node

A

afferent vessels

124
Q

hilus

A

indentation part of lymph node’s bean-like structure

where efferent vessels exit node

125
Q

areas where lymph nodes accumulate

A

neck
maxilla
armpits
inguinal region (between legs)

126
Q

when lymph moves into nodes, if it has antigens what happens?

A

it initiates an immune response and lymph node inflames

127
Q

spleen action

A
  1. blood delivered directly to spleen via splenic artery
  2. lymph filtered by lymphocytes in white pulp
  3. lymph then filtered by macrophages in red pulp
  4. cleansed fluid returns to splenic vein
128
Q

blood leaks out of blood vessels in spleen and gets filtered by _______

A

white pulp

129
Q

white pulp

A

found immediately surrounding arteries supplying spleen
consists mostly of lymphocytes
filters lymph first

130
Q

red pulp

A

found immediately surrounding white pulp
made of mostly RBCs, also macrophages
filters lymph after white pulp

131
Q

blood path from heart to spleen to heart

A 
heart
abdominal artery
~ (not directly)
splenic artery
spleen
splenic vein
inferior vena cava
heart
132
Q

thymus action is most prominent in _____

A

newborns

133
Q

thymus action

A

secretes thymosin and thymopoietin

causes t lymphocytes to become immunocompetent

134
Q

role of thymosin and thymopoietin

A

stimulate hemocytoblast to start producing WBCs

cause t lymphocytes to become immunocompetent

135
Q

immunocompetent t lymphocytes help us fight against _______

A

antigens we have never seen before

136
Q

tonsils are named after ____

A

their location

137
Q

when is taking tonsils out a good thing?

A

if tonsils are the site of constant infection, then they’re the problem

138
Q

palatine tonsils

A

paired set found near uvula

largest; get infected most often; get removed most often

139
Q

largest tonsils

A

palatine tonsils

140
Q

which tonsils get removed most often?

A

palatine

141
Q

lingual tonsils

A

paired set
found at base of tongue (further back than palatine)
along food/drink path

142
Q

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

A

only 1 tonsil! (NOT PAIRED)

on posterior wall of nasopharynx

143
Q

if palatine tonsils are taken out, what other tonsil(s) is also usually removed?

A

adenoids/pharyngeal tonsil

144
Q

pharyngeal tonsil is also known as

A

adenoids

145
Q

tubal tonsils

A

found along passageway that connects middle ear to pharynx (eustachian tube)

146
Q

tonsil histology

A

follicles with germinal centers

crypts

147
Q

tonsil crypts

A

dead end pathways

food/air we swallow goes through here –> if pathogens, they pass through here

148
Q

tonsil action

A
  1. crypts trap bacteria and particulates
  2. bacteria pass through epithelium into lymphoid tissue
  3. lymphoid tissue destroys pathogens
  4. memory cells formed
149
Q

what are peyer’s patches

A

isolated clusters of lymphoid follicles in intestines
they destroy bacteria
they generate memory lymphocytes

150
Q

lymphatic development (process)

A
  1. developing veins bud off lymph sacs at fifth week
  2. these form branching system of lymphatic vessels
  3. connection of jugular lymph sac with jugular veins become right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
  4. lymphoid organs develop from mesodermal mesenchyme that become reticular tissue (except thymus!)
151
Q

first lymph sacs to form

A

jugular lymph sacs

this is where it’ll all eventually connect

152
Q

where do lymph sacs form from?

A

developing veins
vena cava
iliac veins

153
Q

first lymphatic to appear in development

A

thymus

154
Q

development of thymus

A 
endodermal origin (started as part of pharynx, then detached/moved)
thymus secretes chemicals to develop other lymph organs
155
Q

when do lymphocytes start to populate at secondary lymph organs?

A

after birth

156
Q

when do lymphocytes start to populate at thymus?

A

before birth

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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