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Anatomy II > Digestive System 2 (Chemical Digestion) > Flashcards

Digestive System 2 (Chemical Digestion) Flashcards

1
Q

chemical digestion

A

catabolic activates to break polymers into monomers

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2
Q

hydrolysis

A

how we break polymers apart

every bond broken requires one H2O molecule to break it

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3
Q

most important monosaccharide

A

glucose

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4
Q

start starch digestion in _____; complete starch digestion in ____

A

mouth; small intestine

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5
Q

what do we use monosaccharides for

A

energy or as building blocks

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6
Q

oligosaccharides are about __ subunits long

A

8

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7
Q

carb-digesting enzymes, in order (roughly) of appearance

A 
salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase
dextrine
glucoamylase
maltase, sucrase, lactase
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8
Q

salivary amylase

A

produced in salivary glands
works on starch in mouth
denatured in stomach

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9
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

produced in pancreas

works on starch in small intestine

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10
Q

dextrinase

A

produced in brush border

works on oligosaccharides in small intestine

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11
Q

glucoamylase

A

produced in brush border

works on oligosaccharides in small intestine

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12
Q

maltase

A

produced in brush border

works on maltose in small intestine

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13
Q

sucrase

A

produced in brush border

works on sucrose in small intestine

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14
Q

lactase

A

produced in brush border

works on lactose in small intestine

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15
Q

t/f each disaccharide has a specific enzyme to break it into subunits

A

true

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16
Q

dietary proteins

A

from foods we’re eating

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17
Q

intrinsic proteins

A

from breaking down things in body
enzymes and mucosal cells
forms of protein we cannot digest

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18
Q

protein digesting enzymes (in rough order)

A 
pepsin
rennin
trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidase
dipeptidase
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19
Q

where does protein digestion start?

A

stomach

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20
Q

how are protein enzymes released?

A

in inactive form

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21
Q

pepsin

A

protein-digesting enzyme produced in chief cells

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22
Q

rennin

A

protein-digesting enzyme produced in babies
helps babies break down milk proteins (casein/whey)
why people develop dairy intolerances

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23
Q

trypsin

A

protein-digesting enzyme produced in pancreas

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24
Q

chymotrypsin

A

protein-digesting enzyme produced in pancreas

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25
Q

carboxypeptidase

A

protein-digesting enzyme produced in pancreas and brush border

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26
Q

aminopeptidase

A

protein-digesting enzyme produced in brush border

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27
Q

dipeptidase

A

protein-digesting enzyme produced in brush border
breaks down dipeptides
gives body free amino acids to absorb

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28
Q

function of carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase

A

take amino acid chain and each split off last amino acid from opposite ends

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29
Q

lipid digestion starts in ___ and finishes in ______

A

small intestine; small intestine

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30
Q

lipase

A

enzymes that break down lipids
produced in pancreas, in active form
functions in small intestine

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31
Q

why aren’t lipases super effective enzymes?

A

fat globules are so big

we need bile to emulsify fats and increase surface area

32
Q

products of lipid digestion

A

fatty acids and glycerol

33
Q

nucleic acid-digesting enzymes

A

pancreatic nuclease
nucleosidase
phosphatase

34
Q

pancreatic nuclease

A

nucleic acid-digesting enzyme produced in pancreas

35
Q

nucleosidase

A

nucleic acid-digesting enzyme produced in brush border

36
Q

phosphatase

A

nucleic acid-digesting enzyme produced in brush border (last)

37
Q

product of pancreatic nuclease becomes substrate for ___________

A

nucleosides and phosphatase

38
Q

absorption of water-soluble substances

A

active transport into villi capillaries and delivery to liver
cannot cross plasma membrane or pass across villi to get into villi capillaries
requires energy; uses endocytosis
goes to bloodstream directly

39
Q

absorption of fat-soluble substances

A

simple diffusion into villi lacteals and delivery to blood by lymph
aided by micelles
goes to lymph then to bloodstream

40
Q

where does absorption occur?

A

in jejunum!

41
Q

what kind of absorption occurs in ileum

A

absorption of bile salts

42
Q

nutrients definition

A

a substance used by the body to produce energy, promote growth, provide maintenance, or stimulate repair

43
Q

nutrients

A 
water
carb
lipids
proteins
vitamins
minerals
44
Q

60% of food we eat is ____

A

water

45
Q

dietary carbohydrates

A

get mostly from plants

glucose is most important carb

46
Q

dietary lipids

A

we consume mostly neutral fats like triglycerides
can come from animal or plant sources
animal- saturated fat
plant- unsaturated/polyunsaturated fat

47
Q

dietary proteins

A

both animal and plant sources
animal- complete
plant- incomplete
essential amino acids we need from diet, cannot get some from plants

48
Q

vitamins

A

not used as building blocks or for energy
function as coenzymes
needed so we can get nutritional value out of major nutrients
2 types: fat-soluble or water-soluble

49
Q

what happens if there is an excess of fat-soluble vitamins

A

bioaccumulation and toxicity

50
Q

what happens if there is an excess of water-soluble vitamins

A

just eliminate them

51
Q

minerals

A

not used for fuel or energy; can be used for building blocks
most important minerals: calcium and phosphate (make bone salts)

52
Q

metabolism

A

biochemical process of conversion

big to little or little to big

53
Q

anabolism

A

building things up

linking smaller things together to make bigger ones

54
Q

catabolism

A

breaking bigger things down into subunits

55
Q

general process of metabolism

A

chemical digestion and transport of products to cells
anabolism of lipids, proteins, glycogen OR catabolism of pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA
cellular respiration in mitochondria

56
Q

anabolism and catabolism are forms of _____ reactions

A

redox

57
Q

reduction

A

add oxygen or remove hydrogen

loses energy

58
Q

oxidation

A

add hydrogen

gains energy

59
Q

redox enzymes

A

dehydrogenases
oxidases
coenzymes

60
Q

dehydrogenase

A

catalyze oxidation

removal of H, liberates energy

61
Q

oxidase

A

catalyzes transfer of oxygen

62
Q

coenzymes

A

hydrogen acceptors

NAD and FADH are important coenzymes

63
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

ATP synthesis within cytoplasm of cell
cell cytoplasm undergoes direct phosphorylation
direct transfer of phosphate to ADP to make ATP
if oxygen present, products of substrate-level go into oxidative phosphorylation next

64
Q

carbohydrate metabolism

A
  1. glucose uptake: glucose enters cells (from bloodstream) by facilitated diffusion
  2. glucose immediately phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate
    - –irreversible step of adding P to glucose; this maintains glucose gradient that promotes intake of glucose
  3. glycolysis continues and results in formation of 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, and net gain 2 ATP4
  4. if oxygen present, oxidative phosphorylation occurs
  5. if no oxygen present, pyruvate turns into lactic acid
65
Q

what happens at the end of carbohydrate metabolism is no oxygen is present?

A

pyruvate is turned into lactic acid
accumulation of lactic acid changes pH –> denatures enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism
this limits amount of energy that can be produced

66
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. pyruvic acid converted into acetyl coA in mitochondria
    - — generates CO2 and NADH
  2. acetyl coA enters Krebs cycle
    - — generates 2 CO2 and 2 NADH and 1 ATP and 1 FADH2
  3. reduced Krebs cycle coenzymes enter electron transport chain
  4. hydrogens used to phosphorylate ADP
    - — generates H2O and 34 ATP
67
Q

products of oxidative phosphorylation

A

CO2, H2O, NADH, ATP, FADH2

68
Q

what happens if we have excess glucose?

A

high ATP levels stop glycolysis –> don’t produce any more ATP
glucose converted to glycogen (glycogenesis)
glycogen stored in skeletal muscle until energy needed
drop in blood glucose stimulates glycogenolysis to release stored glycogen to glucose to body

69
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

insufficient glucose availability prompts conversion of glycerol and amino acids to carb-type molecules
occurs in liver

70
Q

how much more energy can we get from fat than from carbs

A

10x

71
Q

order of nutrient preference for energy

A

carbohydrate
lipid
protein

72
Q

lipid metabolism

A
  1. absorbed lipids broken down by plasma enzymes into glycerol and fatty acids
  2. glycerol converted into glyceraldehyde phosphate
    - — glyceraldehyde phosphate converted to pyruvic acid in glycolysis, then enters Krebs
  3. fatty acids broken into acetic acid in mitochondria
    - — acetic acid fuses with coA to form acetyl coA, then enters Krebs
73
Q

what happens if we have excess lipids?

A

high ATP and glucose levels trigger conversion of glycerol and fatty acids into triglycerides for storage
^ storage in adipose tissue
(lipolysis reverses this process)

74
Q

lipolysis

A

breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

75
Q

protein metabolism

A
  1. amino acids deaminated (remove amine)

2. deaminated molecules converted to pyruvic acid or to Kreb’s cycle intermediates

76
Q

what happens if we have excess proteins?

A

high ATP levels cause pyruvic acid formed through deamination to be converted to glucose
—-opposite of glycolysis; then glucose goes through glycogenesis to be stored
hormones control protein synthesis on ribosomes
some proteins get converted to proteins in body

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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