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Biology > Vertebrate of BC Part 2 > Flashcards

Vertebrate of BC Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pacific loon nesting

A

northern tip of BC

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2
Q

Pacific loon migration

A 
huge groups (10's of thousands - >150,000 witnessed passing HG)
large groups susceptible to anthropogenic issues (ex.oil spill)
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3
Q

Red-throated loon winter distribution

A

inshore marine
Alaska - California
solitary - small group (

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4
Q

Red-throated loon breeding distribution

A

small ponds/lakes within 20km of ocean, close to coast

rarely more than 1 pair per pond/lake

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5
Q

how can red-throated loons use small ponds

A

shortest take off distance of loons

some distribution overlap w/ Pacific loon (which is more competitive)

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6
Q

drizzle lake site characteristics

A

4 nesting territories
minimal wave exposure
abundant fish in lake

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7
Q

Red-throated loon nesting

A

choose perfect spot on lake based on fetch, choose site and practice nesting year before (even practice mating)
incubation 28 days

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8
Q

why RTLO nests on lake

A

less predators than ocean

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9
Q

RTLO defence

A

nesting- only protect ~2-3m

after hatching protection area enlarged

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10
Q

why RTLO only protects small area when nesting

A

protecting eggs from ooivores- raccoon, raven, squirrel

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11
Q

RTLO defence after chicks hatch

A

larger area to protect, defend against other birds

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12
Q

RTLO defending against other RTLO

A

same same defence in both sexes

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13
Q

RTLO defending against common loon

A

female takes chick to shore

male defends with very good success

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14
Q

why does RTLO have to defend against COLO

A

COLO eats other loon chicks!

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15
Q

RTLO male/female differences

A

male a little larger

slight difference in necks marks

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16
Q

brood patch

A

bald patch for direct heat transfer to eggs (while incubating)

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17
Q

Number of fish eaten vs. age of chick (days), RTLO

A

declines from ~20 - 10 @ 42 days - 0 @ 48 days

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18
Q

why does the number of fish eaten decrease (RTLO)

A

able to eat bigger fish

change diet at ~12 days from small fish (sand lace, gunnel) to intermediate (herring, smelt, cod..)

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19
Q

RTLO ocean trips

A

up to 18/day
hatchlings need ~20g/day
male carries larger fish

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20
Q

relative parental contribution, RTLO

A 
males take longer trips to ocean
males bring back less fish (but more weight)
females 4X as much rearing
males defend 100% successful
total energetic investment equal
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21
Q

% of feeding failure vs. age of chick

A

100% of large fish (brought back by males) are lost up to 6days of age

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22
Q

loon abundance in Alaska, BC coast

A

Alaska- 50% decline in RTLO
Here- ~50% decline in COLO
opposite pattern.. displacing each other?

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23
Q

why do RTLO go to ocean to catch fish

A

anti-parasite mechanism
tape worms in freshwater fish
COLO chicks die

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24
Q

where are raptors in the phylogeny

A 
neoaves
all in the top group, landbirds
sister group to shorebirds  
not monophyletic
falcons s.g. to owls s.g. to hawks&eagles
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25
Q

BC raptors

A

30 species

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26
Q

BC raptor wing span

A

~50cm - 300cm

characterize niche space

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27
Q

Northern Spotted Owl BC range

A

only SW tip, restricted to old growth coastal forest, declining

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28
Q

BC nesting pairs, spotted owl

A

30-100

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29
Q

Spotted Owl characteristics

A

territorial, nocturnal, solitary in winter, pair in spring/summer, home range 3-50km^2

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30
Q

spotted owl diet

A

small mammals, birds

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31
Q

spotted owl predators

A

red-tailed hawk, great-horned owls, goshawks, marten

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32
Q

spotted owl nest

A

no nest, lay 2 eggs on twigs or in cavities of large conifers

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33
Q

spotted owl status

A

endangered (COSEWIC)
declining ~20%/yr
extinction probably inevitable

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34
Q

bald eagle plumage

A

4th or 5th year

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35
Q

bald eagle characteristic

A

primarily scavenging, piscivory

live 20-30years

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36
Q

bald eagle breeding

A

largest nest of any NA bird, 6000kg, 6m deep, multi year
35 day incubation
12 week pre-fledging period

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37
Q

of west coast bald eagles

A

50,000 BC and Alaska

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38
Q

Bald Eagle dominant diet

A

autumn- salmon
winter - carrion
spring - herring, eulachon
summer- birds

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39
Q

carrion

A

dead and decaying flesh of an animal

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40
Q

eulachon

A

small anadromous ocean fish, smelt found along Pacific coast of NA, N Cali- Alaska.
unusually high in lipid content

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41
Q

bald eagle and gull, Barkley Sound study

A

bald eagle abundance peaked during incubation/hatching of gull eggs - influences activity of gulls and could impact reproductive success

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42
Q

Murre and Cormorant abundance based on peregrine falcon, triangle island

A

highest abundance when peregrine falcon were near (nesting nearby), when away bald eagle and gulls lead to major decrease in nesting/reproductive success
top-down effect of top predator

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43
Q

eyrie/aerie

A

the nest of a bird (such as an eagle or hawk) built high up on a cliff or on the top of a mountain

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44
Q

bald eagle kleptoparasitism

A

pirates ducks captured by peregrine falcons, peregrines must increase kill rate (0.05/hr - 0.18/hr) to compensate

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45
Q

Urban Barred Owl

A

in BC 30-40yrs, succesful in urban area b/c of rat prevalence

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46
Q

Barred owl range expansion

A

displacing Northern Spotted Owl, major habitat/diet overlap

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47
Q

Barred owl removal

A

lethally removed, spotted owl population recovered in that area

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48
Q

Cooper’s Hawk diet

A

small-med size birds = majority of diet, American Robin, European Starling (invasive), House Sparrow (invasive)
taking advantage of invasives

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49
Q

fraser delta raptor poisoning

A

carbofuran and fensulfothion persisted long enough in wet, low pH conditions of Fraser Delta to kill waterfowl and cause secondary poisoning of raptors months after application of the pesticides

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50
Q

BC nesting seabirds

A

15 species
5-6million
500 nest sites

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51
Q

best evidence supporting tetrapods on land 7400mya

A

fossil tracks
molecular data ambiguous
limbs occurred before move to land

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52
Q

the transition from dinosaurs to birds is characterized by

A

NOTHING
there is no transition
birds are dinosaurs

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53
Q

what is the major characteristic that allowed the evolution of flight in bids

A

low wing loading

birds are not the only animal that fly’s

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54
Q

loons are most closely related to

A

cormorant, albatross, pelican

aquatic/seabirds

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55
Q

changes in seabird abundance from 1980 - present

A

25% reduction in piscivores

75% reduction in pigeon guillemot

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56
Q

how do we measure changes in seabird abundance on our coast

A

no long term records
sediment cores
tree cores

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57
Q

sediment cores for determining changes in seabird abundance

A

guano reduction

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58
Q

The Guano Era

A

1845-1870

US annexed SP islands to extract guano, traded extensively for fertilizer

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59
Q

results of measuring bird abundance with tree cores

A

significant decrease in tree ring width in the area where trees were found to have burrows, likely due to decrease in burrowing bird density, decrease in guano (nutrients)

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60
Q

one problem with the tree ring method

A

small trees have lower N demand, can be picky, higher isotopic fractionation (this is the centre rings of the tree)

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61
Q

Gill nets

A

widespread (legal and illegal)
1million km of gillnet/yr, 300km/day
abandoned nets
In 1980’s asian commercial fishing used gill nets to 8m depth

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62
Q

seabirds and gillnets

A

100,000 - 715,000 drowned/yr
60% shearwater
25% tufted puffin

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63
Q

seabird-boat collision during darkness

A

largest impact - nocturnal fliers

bird attracted to light (law) and hit mast or rigging @ high speed

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64
Q

nocturnal fliers

A

auklets, murrelets, petrels

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65
Q

boat collision bird kill

A

1 night ~35petrels on deck, more in water?

1 40ft boat in Aleutian chain during spring snow storm had a 30,000 alcid, petrels kill in one night

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66
Q

offshore drilling and seabirds

A

routine blowouts- burn off natural gas extracted w/ oil (can be seen from space), seabirds fly into it

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67
Q

offshore drilling birdkill

A

10-100 puffins and murres/night/platform

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68
Q

oil tanker spill

A

Exxon Valdez

250,000 birds killed, 90species, 75% murres

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69
Q

freighters and seabirds, oil pollution in Newfoundland

A

1998-2000 average 315,000 murres and dovekies killed annually from illegal discharges of oil
incidence of oil pollution among the highest in the world

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70
Q

Cormorants: the world’s most hated bird?

A

people killing them because they eat fish
500,000 killed since 1998
won’t fix their perceived problem- prey are set by carrying capacity

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71
Q

Commercial fishing

A

depletion of herring population, sardine population, chum, huge decrease in estimated escapement
wide impacts

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72
Q

escapement

A

portion of anadromous fish population that escapes commercial/recreational fisheries and reaches freshwater spawning grounds

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73
Q

where does salmon carcass go

A

raven, crow, bear, marten, eagle, gull, invertebrates, plants

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74
Q

gulls and salmon run

A

most abundant vertebrate during salmon migration

found to consume ~20% of salmon carcass biomass and ~30% of salmon eggs

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75
Q

fishing down the foodweb

A

puts us more in competition with seabirds

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76
Q

importance of salmon return

A

highly correlated w/ many species abundance

important for winter ‘bulk up’

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77
Q

passerines and salmon run

A

salmon carcass– insects– songbirds

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78
Q

alien species that impact seabird colonies

A

Norway rat
Raccoon
Fox

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79
Q

importance of primary productivity distribution

A

highly correlated w/ seabird distribution
highest in N hemisphere
affected by T anomalies

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80
Q

T shift and Cassin’s Auklet

A

less successful in warm water

match-mismatch hypothesis

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81
Q

match-mismatch hypothesis

A

prey timing key factor in success
climate changes alter trophic interactions
T shift– bloom shift (timing)– not available at usual bird nesting time

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82
Q

BC mammals #

A

~150 species

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83
Q

BC mammals, native vs. introduce #

A

native - 136 species

introduced - 13species

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84
Q

BC mammals, terrestrial vs. marine #

A

terrestrial - 120 species

marine - 30 species

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85
Q

Mammal skull fenestra

A

one fenestra

synapsid

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86
Q

basal tetrapod fenestra

A

no fenestra
anapsid
acanthostega

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87
Q

BC mammal orders

A 
Carnivora - canines, bears,..
Primates - aboriginals
Rodentia - mouse, squirrel
Lagomorpha - Hare
Insectivora - Shrew
Chiroptera - Bats
Artiodactyl - ungulates
Marsupial - opossum
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88
Q

most diverse group of mammals on the planet

A

Rodentia

squirrel, chipmunk, beaver, mice, gopher, porcupine

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89
Q

synapsid origin

A

carboniferous

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90
Q

synapsid radiation

A

first group of amniotes that diversified (before diapsid)

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91
Q

synapsids were most abundant tetrapods when

A

Paleozoic

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92
Q

mammal body size

A

10-500kg

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93
Q

Pelycosaurs

A

Dimetrodon, tailback, carnivorous, herbivorous, sprawling limbs, long toes
Laurasia- warm, moist

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94
Q

Pelycosaur jaw

A

teeth mostly homodont except canine

first evidence of tooth differentiation

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95
Q

end of permian, mammals

A

most life dies, therapsids survive, diapsids take over, rise of large croc., mammals almost extinct from Jurassic, re-diversify KTB

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96
Q

Pelycosaur thermoregulation

A

elongated neural spines, heavily vascularized, thermoregulation, some of first modifications towards endothermy

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97
Q

homodont teeth

A

all the same

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98
Q

mammal lower jaw

A

1 bone - dentary
only bone with teeth
(3 bones including hinge)

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99
Q

mammal jaw hinge

A

articular (bottom) and quadrate (top)

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100
Q

Therapsids time

A

early Permian

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101
Q

Therapsid characteristics

A 
very large temporal fenestra
tooth differentiation
palate development 
pelvic and pectoral girdles 
limbs thinner, joints more flexible
short foot, toes
limbs move for upright posture
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102
Q

almost all modern mammal teeth type

A

heterodont

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103
Q

Therapsid tooth differentiation

A

incisors
canines
post-canine

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104
Q

why arched palate?

A

breathe and eat

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105
Q

why short foot/toes?

A

running faster

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106
Q

importance of hind limb muscles in mammal development

A

movement of limbs without moving entire body side to side

muscles connected to iliac blade rather than lateral process

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107
Q

where therapsids diversified

A

Laurasia and Gondwana

cooler, less aquatic habitats

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108
Q

Therapsid size

A

rodent - cow

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109
Q

Dominant terrestrial tetrapods of the late Permian

A

Therapsids

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110
Q

Major Therapsid extinction end of Permian, 3 groups survive

A

dicynodonts
theriodonts
cynodonts

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111
Q

dicynodonts

A

herbivore, loss of molar teeth, horny sheath (like turtle), two tusks, derived jaw articulation- lateral movement for grinding

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112
Q

Theriodonts

A

dominant predator, coronoid process on dentary

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113
Q

coronoid process

A

a flattened triangular projection above the angle of the jaw where the temporalis muscle is attached– increased jaw closing strength

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114
Q

cynodonts

A

dog-sized carnivore, multicast molars, enlarged coronoid process

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115
Q

evolution of iliac process

A

evolution of running

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116
Q

fate of 3 remaining therapsid groups

A

displaced by diapsids in Tri, mostly extinct by end of Triassic

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117
Q

cynodont fate

A

progressive reduction in size, several small groups persist through K

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118
Q

persistent cynodonts

A

zygomatic arch, sculpted, heavily vascularized jaw, surface glands, enlarged infraorbital foramen, innervated face, turbinate bones, possible heterothermy or fully endothermic, 7 cervical vertebrae

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119
Q

infraorbital foramen

A

sensory nerves to brain (for innervated face)

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120
Q

innervated face

A

whiskers

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121
Q

turbinate bones

A

reabsorb water when exhale, present in almost all endotherms, important indicator

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122
Q

heterothermy

A

animals that exhibit characteristics of both poikilothermy and homeothermy

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123
Q

poikilotherm

A

organism whose internal temperature varies considerably. It is the opposite of a homeotherm, an organism which maintains thermal homeostasis

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124
Q

nocturnality

A

widespread amounts mammals, possibly ancestral behavioural pattern, appeared early in synapsid history (before mammals)

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125
Q

zygomatic arch

A

cheek bone, temporal bar arches behind the orbit, allow masseter muscle to attach to lower jaw

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126
Q

First True Mammal

A

Morganucodon, evolved from small bodied cynodont, late Triassic, ~10cm in light (small rat)

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127
Q

cynodont-mammal transition

A

locomotion
nearly complete separation of nasal passage from mouth
turbinate bones
hair (whiskers)
lactation
dentary-squamosal jaw hinge
anisognathus jaw, precise occlusion of molar teeth

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128
Q

lizard locomotion, breathing

A

lateral undulations, air flows side to side rather than in and out

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129
Q

mammal locomotion, breathing

A

bounding locomotion, dorsoventral flexion, facilitates exhalation/inhilation

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130
Q

facilitated dorsoventral flexion, mammal breathing while running

A

loss of lumbar ribs

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131
Q

why its hard to trace the origin of endothermy

A

attribute of the ‘soft anatomy’ which does not fossilize

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132
Q

soft anatomy of endothermy

A

complex lungs, elevated blood oxygen carrying capacity, mitochondrial density

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133
Q

fossilized parts of endothermy

A

nasal turbinates - may have evolved in association w/ origin of elevated ventilation rates

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134
Q

evolution of ‘mammalian’ oxygen consumption rates

A

Late Permian, 260mya

Therocephalia & Cynodontia, independently

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135
Q

how long for the full evolution of mammalian endotherm

A

40-50million years

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136
Q

muscles required for lactation

A

major facial muscles- generating a suction seal

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137
Q

when was transition from cynodont to true mammal

A

Cenosoic (probably Jurassic)

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138
Q

why did endotherms fall at the end of the paleozoic

A

oxygen crash

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139
Q

isognathus jaw

A

polyphyodont teeth

reptiles, early synapsids

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140
Q

anisognathus jaw

A

diphydont teeth

Cynodont, modern mammal

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141
Q

Poluphyodont

A

continuous tooth replacement

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142
Q

Diphydont

A

2 successive sets of teeth

milk teeth, and adult teeth with enamel

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143
Q

Cretaceous mammals

A

very small (shrew-rabbit size)
insectivore (from teeth)
3 major groups

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144
Q

Cretaceous mammal groups

A

Allotheria
Prototherian
Therians

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145
Q

Allotheria

A 
Multituberculates 
rodent-like
longest-lived mammalian group (100my)
arboreal, fossorial (feet)
complex, multicasted teeth - grinding
possible early distinct branch of cynodont
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146
Q

Allotheria time

A

Jurassic - Eocene

longest lived mammalian group

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147
Q

Allotheria distribution

A

predominantly Laurasia (N)

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148
Q

Prototheria

A

monotremes

triangular teeth, extant, early branch of mammals, lay eggs, heterothermic, cervical ribs,

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149
Q

extant prototherians

A

duck-billed platypus, echidna

Australia & New Guinea

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150
Q

Prototheria distribution

A

Gondwana (S hemisphere, Australia, SA)

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151
Q

Therians

A

live birth, mammae, cochlea, external ear, tricuspid molars, major pectoral girdle modification

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152
Q

Types of therians

A

marsupials

placentals

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153
Q

mammae

A

a milk-secreting organ of female mammals

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154
Q

Tehran cochlea

A

> 2.5 coils

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155
Q

Therian pectoral girdle

A

for increased mobility

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156
Q

Metatherians

A

Marsupials - opossum, Tasmanian devil, koala, kangaroo

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157
Q

Marsupial characteristic

A

arboreal, omnivorous, heterothermy,

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158
Q

Marsupial birthing

A

give birth to altricial young– crawl into pouch– fuse to nipple

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159
Q

marsupial origin

A

oldest fossils found in NA

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160
Q

marsupial radiation

A

NA– Europe– Africa– SA in Cretaceous

Across Antarctica– Australia in Paleocene

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161
Q

Europe/Asia/Africa extinction of marsupials

A

mid-cenozoic

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162
Q

why NZ has no marsupials

A

separated from Australia before origin of early mammals (monotremes)

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163
Q

Placentals

A

Eutherians

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164
Q

Eutherian characteristics

A

relative to marsupials: longer gestation, reduced lactation, fewer incisors&premolars, strict endothermy

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165
Q

Eutherian endothermy

A

almost entirely, except torpor (which is technically heterothermy)

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166
Q

early Eutherians

A

arose in Asia, shrew-like, insectivorous, minor contribution to fossil record until KTB

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167
Q

major groups of Eutherians

A

edentates, insectivores, primates, rodents, chiroptera, carnivora, ungulates, cetaceans, sirenians, proboscideans

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168
Q

edentates

A

anteaters

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169
Q

sirenians

A

manatee

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170
Q

proboscideans

A

elephant

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171
Q

Earth in late mesozoic

A

forests on all continents
N latitudes warm and wet
broad leaved vegetation
mt range uplift

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172
Q

late mesozoic distributions

A

crocodiles in arctic
dinos, arboreal/fossorial mammals
rodentia in late Cretaceous
Carnivora early Palaeocene

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173
Q

orogeny

A

Rockies, Andes, Himalays in the late Mesozoic, ~100mya

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174
Q

largest group of mammals

A

Rodentia - 40% of all current mammal species

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175
Q

most of major modern groups appeared in

A

early Eocene

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176
Q

earths temperature in Eocene

A

warm, colder towards end

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177
Q

genus numbers in the Cenozoic

A

fairly stable across paleocene, eocene
increase across oligocene
drops in middle of miocene

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178
Q

genus numbers and paleotemperature in Cenozoic

A

rise in oligocene ~correlated with decreased T (ice house world), slight lag

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179
Q

marsupials

A

~200
opossum group -77
kangaroo, koala, wombat - 110

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180
Q

rodentia

A

1800

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181
Q

rabbits

A

~70

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182
Q

insectivora

A

~400

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183
Q

flying lemurs

A

4

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184
Q

chiroptera

A

1000

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185
Q

carnivora

A

274

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186
Q

cetacea

A

80

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187
Q

Artiodactyla

A

~200

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188
Q

artiodactyla

A

even toed- pigs, hippo, deer, cattle

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189
Q

perissodactyla

A

odd-toed - horse, rhino, tapir

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190
Q

results of orogeny

A

vast rainshadows, reduced T (hot house - ice house) = first grasslands (Miocene)

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191
Q

Miocene grasslands

A

diversification of grass-dwelling ungulates (horse, antelope, elephants)

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192
Q

start of Pleistocene

A

gradual cooling, formation of icecaps, major northern hemisphere glaciation

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193
Q

mammals and marsupials

A

parallel adaptive radiation
common species in each group, ecologically equivalent
burrower, anteater, mouse, climber, glider, cat, wolf… not sea animals

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194
Q

what happened after dinosaur extinction

A

niche space opened for large carnivores (mostly mammals, some large carnivorous birds)

195
Q

when were NA and SA separrated

A

from Jurassic - Late Cainozoic (100my)

independent, separated diversification

196
Q

Panamanian Isthmus

A

3my, connection between NA/SA

allow interchange of species

197
Q

GAI

A

great american interchange
asymmetric interchange
immigrants into NA mostly did not persist
50% of SA immigrants persisted, displaced native species

198
Q

why was GAI asymmetric

A

NH colder

199
Q

North American Pleistocene fauna

A

persist throughout glaciation

at the time NA was as diverse as Serenghetti

200
Q

some animals in NA pleistocene fauna

A

giant sloth, short faced bear, giant polar bear, california tapirs, peccaries, american lion, giant condor, american cheetah, sabre-toothed cats, dire wolves, gray wolf, camelids, llamas, bison, moose, ox, horses, mammoths

201
Q

what happened to NA pleistocene fauna

A

impact event - extraterrestrial glass spheres

fell in to caves and mummified- karstography, constant humidity (no bacterial degradation)

202
Q

La Brea Geology

A

Rancho La Brea tar pits (LA)
so much oil in ground- sealed to surface- rain sits on top, looks like pond
prey get captured, predators come and get trapped too

203
Q

La Brea skeletons

A

59 mammal species
135 bird species
skeletons completely in tact, but never together

204
Q

Pleistocene overkill

A

NA 100,000-12,000ya: 45genera over 40kg
10,000y -present: 12 genera
humans overkill?

205
Q

overkill hypothesis

A

extinctions correspond well with first significant evidence of human presence. human colonization dominant driver of extinction over climate events. very certain of results.

206
Q

Puma concolor

A

Cougar

207
Q

cougar characteristics

A 
45-80kg
3m
nocturnal, solitary, ambush predator
jump 6m vertical, 13m horizontally
50km/h
largest back legs of any cat
208
Q

cougar prey

A

> 95% - deer/elk

~1 per week

209
Q

cougar density

A

4000 in Canada
3500 BC
1/200km^2

210
Q

cougar vs. wolf

A

interaction common

both predator and prey

211
Q

Cetacean length

A 
Blue Whale 27m
Sperm Whale 18m
Humpback 15m
Gary Whale 15m
Orca 9m
Bottle-Nose Dolphin 2.5m
212
Q

Odontocetes

A 
toothed whales
smaller, fast moving
single blowhole
acoustic
chase prey
213
Q

Killer Whale

A 
Orcinus orca
Delphinids (dolphin)
3 types
female dominated social structure 
tell apart by prey, dorsal fin, saddle patch, calls
214
Q

Orca groups

A

resident
Bigg’s (transient) - mammal eater
offshore - shark eater

215
Q

Pacific white-sided dolphin

A 
Lagenirhynchus obliquidens
Delphinids
often in groups
inshore and offshore 
~7.5ft , gregarious, showy
216
Q

Harbour porpoise

A

Phocoena phocoena

Elusive, small group, acoustically sensitive, hybridize, ultrasonic frequency- one of highest frequencies of all mammal

217
Q

Dall’s porpoise

A

Phocoendoides dalli
Fastest cetacean in BC
often confused with orca
bow rider, hybridize, ‘friendly’, swim 55km/hr, splash

218
Q

Sperm whale

A

Physter macrocephalous

past shelf break, don’t see often here, 1/3 body mass is head - sonar, echo location, fish in complete darkness

219
Q

sperm whale length of time under water

A

up to 1hr

60min under water = 60 blows

220
Q

BC Odontocetes

A

Orcas, Pacific white-sided dolphin, Harbour porpoise, Dall’s porpoise, Sperm Whale

221
Q

Mysticetes

A 
baleen whales 
larger bodies
two nostrils form blow hole
"moustached whale"
engulf prey
222
Q

how to find patchy prey

A

get big, move efficiently through water – bigger = bigger mouth = more efficient

223
Q

Humpback whale

A

Megaptera novaeangliae
dorsal fin rests on hump
often solitary, migrator, acrobatic, primarily small fish feeders, fall anchovata populations

224
Q

Gray Whale

A

Eschrichtius robustes

solitary, population recovering from whaling, benthic feeder

225
Q

Minke whale

A

Balaenoptera acutorostrata

elusive, solitary, smallest baleen, common, sporadic, generally small fish feeder, can fall prey to orca

226
Q

Fin whale

A

Balaenoptera physalus
commonly in offshore waters of N BC, second largest of all whales, density unknown, heavily whaled, very fast, ID by right lower lip

227
Q

Sei whale

A

Balaenoptera borealis

big target for whaling, drive herring, small fish feeder

228
Q

Blue whale

A

Balaenoptera musculus
150 tonnes, population significantly reduced, largest animal on earth (possibly ever), not well known, not easily studied, driven off by sonar

229
Q

North Pacific right whale

A

Eubalaena japonica

huge baleen - up to 15ft, heavily whaled for baleen, copepod feeder

230
Q

Pinnipedds

A

limbs resemble terrestrial animals, blubber and hair, tactile, vocal
Stellars Sealion, California sea lion, Harbour seals, Sea otter, River otter, Northern fur seal, Northern elephant seal

231
Q

Mysticetes

A

Humpback whale, Gray whale, Minke whale, Fin whale, Sei whale, Blue whale, North Pacific right whale

232
Q

Pinniped acoustics

A

Adjusted for under and above water hearing

233
Q

Stellar’s Sealion

A

Eumetopias jubatus
spp. moterirnsis (Laughlin’s), haulout, mate at rookeries, sexually dimorphic m»f, roar, can rotate hind quarters to pull themselves up (unlike seals)

234
Q

California sea lion

A

Zalophus californianus

Bark, sexual dimorphic, polygamous, dog-like face, crest on front of head @ sexual maturity

235
Q

Harbour Seals

A

Phoca vitulina richardsi
common, ‘true’/earless seal, rarely fight, eyes change shape for in/out water, territorial, don’t like to touch each other

236
Q

Sea otter

A

Ehydra lutris

Heaviest weasel, smallest marine mammal, fur not blubber, rarely leave water, dive deep for food, backwards feet

237
Q

River otter

A

Lontra canadensis

versatile on land/water, den builder, latrine sites,

238
Q

thickest/most dense hair of all mammals

A

sea otter

traps air

239
Q

Northern fur seal

A

Callorhinus ursinus

rare here, up to 7ft, ‘true’ seal, f live 3X males

240
Q

Northern elephant seal

A

Mirounga angustirostgis

‘trunk’ in male, f

241
Q

Cetacean live capture

A

endangered southern residents for zoo/marine park
primary destabilization
over capture of almost all marine organisms

242
Q

Cetacean tourism

A

whale watching, marine parks, aquariums

effects of acoustics not well known

243
Q

Cetacean entanglement

A

follow prey into traps, derelict fishing gear

244
Q

Cetacean pollution

A

lipophilic chemicals stick to blubber- especially calves

245
Q

persistence (pollution)

A

affects duration in environment after release

246
Q

volatility (pollution)

A

affects transport in atmosphere

247
Q

water solubility (pollution)

A

affects transport in rivers, runoff, ocean currents

248
Q

bioaccumulation potential (pollution)

A

affects concentrations at higher trophic levels

249
Q

Cetaceans, climate change

A

reduced arctic sea ice- move into foraging area sooner– larger more robust offspring
CO2 emissions, acidification, implications for cetaceans not well known

250
Q

Cetaceans, vessel traffic

A

major increase- strikes, noise
behavioural changes, auditory disturbance, interactions
go through ‘best whale routes’

251
Q

ocean noises (Hz)

A

seismic 1-100
ship traffic 10-1kHz
bubbles/spray 100-100kHz

252
Q

ocean hearing (Hz)

A

seals/sea lions-100-100kHz
Baleen whale- 10-10kHz
Dolphin- 100-100
Porpoise- 1kHz-100kHz

253
Q

hydophone

A

set up to listen to whale migration
400lb anchor chain
acoustic release
deployed hyrdophone

254
Q

AMAR

A

Autonomous Multichannel Acoustic Recorder

255
Q

AMAR deployment

A

February & May 2015
64&133 days recording
~50&20m water depth
Flores island (feeding ground)

256
Q

grey whale migration

A

S (breeding) - N (feeding)

257
Q

considerations with AMAR

A

can’t be too close to shore (wave noise)

258
Q

acoustic release system/ pop-up

A

‘call’ the pop-up and the ‘egg’ separates and reals the line back in

259
Q

ocean glider movement

A

ballast- changing weight, takes on water to sink

260
Q

winter population estimate of cougars in southeastern BC

A

3.5 cougars/100km^2

261
Q

average home range of male cougar in southeastern BC

A

151km^2

262
Q

Current cougar populations

A

declining
increased conflicts btw cougars/humans
92% of mortalities in collared cougars from hunting
average survival rate 59%

263
Q

cougar reproduction stat

A

average litter 2.53
inter birth interval 18mnth
75% of females reproductively successful

264
Q

Canada Lynx

A

Lynx canadensis

nocturnal, solitary, ambush, pursuit, mostly canadian shield area (prevalent hare), hunted for pelt

265
Q

Lynx prey

A

snowshoe hare, rodents, birds

266
Q

cougar unique pelage

A

unique that it is always the same across wide range of habitats

267
Q

cougar physiological jumping mechanisms

A

disproportionately large pelvic apparatus for leaping (frog-like)

268
Q

BC Canidae

A

Grey Wolf
Coyote
Red Fox

269
Q

Wolf paw

A

middle pads > outside pads

dogs opposite

270
Q

Canada phylogeny

A

(Dog - Grey wolf) - coyote
sister groups
red fox far separated

271
Q

Canis lupus

A

Grey wolf

packs, territorial, numerous vocalizations, formerly one of worlds most widely distributed mammals

272
Q

Grey wolf pack

A

mated pair, juveniles&yearlings

273
Q

Grey wolf territorial

A

scent marking, fights, death, 1/3 of natural mortality

274
Q

grey wolf reproductive

A

adults suppress reproductive attempts in family, 60 day incubation, 6 pups at birth, pups 400g, blind 10 days, suckling 3 weeks, remain in pack up to 4years, parents regurgitate food

275
Q

coastal rainforest wolves

A

taller, dark (brown like deer, don’t run in packs

276
Q

Canis latrans

A

Coyote

explicitly NA, not on coast

277
Q

BC Ursidae

A

Brown bear/Grizzly bear

Black bear

278
Q

Ursidae phylogeny

A

{ [(brown- polar) -(asiatic black- american black) - sun bear - sloth bear ] - spectacled bear } Giant Panda

279
Q

Ursidae sister group

A

Procyonidae (Raccoon, Lesser Panda)

280
Q

Brown/Grizzly bear

A 
Ursus arctos
summer-alpine
spring/summer-estuaries
autumn- salmon 
predator - wolves
predatory, scavenger, omnivore
281
Q

Black bear

A 
Ursus americanus
majorly forest habitat
autumn-salmon
predator- grizzly, wolves
predatory, scavenger, omnivore
282
Q

Ursidae distribution

A

Ursus arctos- across N hemisphere

Ursus americanus- only NA

283
Q

black bear, winter

A

den in high elevation caves, low elevation large tress (avoid grizzly’s), if no grizzly den anywhere (VI)

284
Q

distinct grizzly group

A

ABC bear, off coast of Alaska, N of HG. On islands: Admiralty, Baronof, and Chichagof
unique genetic structure, relates them to brown & polar bear

285
Q

polymorphic pelage/plumage

A

occurrence of 2 or more discontinuous colour morphs (genotypes) w/i a pop.
rarest cannot be maintained by mutation alone

286
Q

polymorphic colouration does not apply to

A 
ontogenetic variation (ex. deer, spots-brown)
seasonal variation (ex.arctic hare)
287
Q

Considerations in polymorphic colouration

A 
heritability
frequency of morphs
geographical distribution
sex-linked?
ecologically functional/nuetral
historical
genetic linkage/pleiotropy
advantages/disadvantages
288
Q

reindeer polymorphism

A

lighter - more warble flies, decrease body mass

colour variation > in semi-domesticated, less impacted by parasitism (treatment)

289
Q

white horses

A

high sensitivity to UV radiation, frequent skin cancer, predation risk
blood-sucking tabard flies less attracted to white horses (polarized light)
contrasting ecological pressure

290
Q

spirit bear

A

Ursus americanus kermodei
Kermode bear
coastal black bears
known >100years

291
Q

Kermode through time

A

1906- $30 for a head
1912- thought almost extinct, 25 specimens known, $250 reward for live specimen
1924- prize/tourist attraction in beacon hill park

292
Q

frequency of white polymorphism

A

Gribbell - 25% (1/4)
Princess Royal - 10%
Mainland - less than 1%

293
Q

black bear species inland

A

Ursus americanus americanus

294
Q

kermode bear polymorph gene

A

same gene that produces white phases in mice, horses, etc. common gene mutation that knocks out melanin
mutation at melanocortin 1 receptor gene

295
Q

colour combinations, kermode

A

every mother-cub colour combination found, random mating structure - no sexual colour preference

296
Q

Kermode, glacial relict

A

colour beneficial during glaciation (as it is in polar bears), left over from then

297
Q

Kermode, glacial relict, still beneficial?

A

not found in high latitudes

no benefit in this way

298
Q

Dr. Blood :(

A

black bear has few natural enemies, largely a vegetarian, logging/land use are fine

299
Q

neutral mutations

A

in isolated populations can remain by default/chance

300
Q

Kermode, neutral mutation

A

there is new gene inputs (swim overs from mainland), phenotype % remains ~constant over 10,000yrs, neutral alleles almost always dropped in small populations (doesn’t seem to be neutral)

301
Q

neutral alleles, drosophola

A

low population = low heterozygosity = almost always single genotype

302
Q

why chance mutations are higher in small population

A

inbreeding, bottlenecks, small number of breeders, disproportional contributions

303
Q

over dominance in fitness

A

heterozygote > fitness than homozygote

hetero. often have better immunological
hetero. maintained b/c of beneficial condition

304
Q

over dominance in fitness also called

A

heterozygote advantage

305
Q

If a polymorphism is controlled by heterozygote advantage would expect to see

A

excess of heterozygotes

306
Q

Kermode and heterozygote advantage

A

cannot be the case b/c there is a deficiency of heterozygotes

307
Q

Kermode bear, assortative mating

A

WW, BB

disproven by the cub combinations, would have lead to loss of uncommon morph

308
Q

Mainland geneflow retaining white allele?

A

gene flow is extremely dominantly black allele, mainly is more than 90% B, would reduce white gene frequency

309
Q

Multi-niche polymorphism

A

2+ morphs occupy different niche space

different phenotypes have greater fitness for different niche type

310
Q

Multi-niche polymorphism, why?

A

Day/night?
behavioural interaction- dominant/submissive?
foraging technique?
salmon capture success?
trophic differences-stable isotope analysis?

311
Q

Black bear diel activity pattern

A

lowest in the mid afternoon, can’t see well at low light, mainly only coast black bears hunt nocturnally
polymorphs forage at same time of day

312
Q

Black/white kermode behavioural interaction

A

in ~400 interactions found black bears dominate encounter in dark (small n), and no dominance in day, overall dominance was more related to body size than colour

313
Q

black vs white foraging skill, kermode

A

white bear is a more stationary forager, stand and wait technique
black bear walks and runs
difference in foraging technique

314
Q

black vs. white salmon capture efficiency

A

dark- black slight advantage

light- white significant advantage (stand, walk, AND run!) major daylight advantage

315
Q

stable isotope analysis of kermode bear hair on Gribbell Isl

A

Spring, Summer ~same 15N

Fall- white much higher 15N

316
Q

Why white bear has slightly higher 15N signature in spring/summer

A

feeding on barnacles

317
Q

isotope analysis conclusion

A

WB salmon specialist

Fall- feed almost entirely on salmon

318
Q

Isotope analysis, Princess Royal

A

WB/BB ~same 15N

more variation in individuals than on Gribbell

319
Q

marine isotope signature

A

high 13carbon and 15nitrogen

320
Q

white bear allele frequency

A

Gribbell 56%
PR 33%
Mainland 0-20%

321
Q

white bear population estimate

A

Gribbell 8-15 (40-50bears)

PR 10-40 (200bears)

322
Q

why WB allele higher on Gribbell

A

almost fully segregate niche space, higher proportion of white bears increases the populations speciality and take over niche

323
Q

why WB allele lower on PR

A

larger niche space = more competition, constraints

324
Q

evasiveness of salmon to simulated predator

A

dark - no difference

light - fewer salmon return than at night, ~2X as many return to white ‘bear’

325
Q

why are salmon less evasive to white bear

A

Snell’s window, refraction

326
Q

Snell’s window

A

underwater viewer sees everything above surface through a cone of width of ~96º, area outside window either completely dark or a reflection of underwater objects

327
Q

Gribble island salmon biomass

A

~300kg/yr (salmon ~2kg)

1 bear requires ~300-500 salmon

328
Q

where there is grizzly bear

A

black bears don’t eat salmon, white bear won’t persist if grizzly invade their islands

329
Q

polymorphism as ‘super gene’

A

often groups of genes working together

330
Q

Artiodactyla

A

even-toed ungulates

Elk, Mt goat, Bighorn, Deer, Moose, Caribou

331
Q

BC Elk

A

2 species- Roosevelt, Rocky Mountain
formerly most widely distributed ungulate
population collapse from human predation

332
Q

Roosevelt Elk

A

Mostly E side of province, some on N VI
now live in second growth, not original habitat
extinct across much of previous range

333
Q

Mountain Goat

A 
adapted for steep terrain, snow cover
2nd longest hair shaft length of ungulates 
birth on steep cliffs
low predation 
no colour phases
334
Q

Mountain goat predation

A

golden eagle

335
Q

Mountain goats travel to

A

salt licks, up to 9 visits/yr, up to 17km away

areas not included in protection zone, resource development difficulty

336
Q

Bighorn Sheep

A

highly diverse habitat (slopes-deserts), mainly treeless areas, limited in BC, mostly SE corner of province

337
Q

Resource separation by fire

A

burning modifies ecosystem- attracts ungulates- changes animal distribution
elk populations moving in to traditional range of other grazing species (Sheep)

338
Q

Mule/Black-tailed deer distribution

A

most of BC except NW corner, high on islands

339
Q

White-tailed deer distribution

A

only on E side of BC

340
Q

Tell Mule/black-tailed and white-tailed apart

A

white-tail: tip of tail is white, white bum only visible if tail lifted, antler prongs come off of main beam
Mule deer: dark tipped tail, antlers fork

341
Q

Moose distribution

A

right across circumboreal

never coastal in the past, moving in now, likely due to prey

342
Q

In Europe Moose are

A

Elk

343
Q

Woodland Caribou

A

Rangifer tarandus
same species as reindeer in Europe
a little farther N in range than Moose
keystone species

344
Q

Reduction in Caribou population

A

~70% reduction in high-quality habitat, not only cause of decline, multifactorial

345
Q

Criminal Code of Canada, Animal Cruelty

A

Every one commits an offence who willfully causes or, being the owner, willfully permits to be caused unnecessary pain, suffering, or injury to an animal or a bird

346
Q

Criminal Code of Canada, Animal Cruelty punishment

A

indictable offence, liable to imprisonment of 5 years, or fine of up to $10,000

347
Q

Maintaining Ethical Standards during Conservation Crises

A

first example of scientists using criminal code to evaluate scientific work (and put their necks on the line), journal of wolf cull study (CJZ) would not publish

348
Q

cost of removing BC wolves

A

180 wolves - $2 million (helicopter cost)

349
Q

VI Marmot past distribution

A

only alpine, males travel all the way down and up to other side for reproduction, dangerous travelling through forest, high predation, low survival

350
Q

VI Marmot population

A

last ~40 years- population plummeted

deforestation allows corridors for predators

351
Q

VI Marmot reintroduction

A

Artificial reproduction in Toronto Zoo, reintroduce on VI, very successful
2003- 70 adults, 1 litter born in wild

352
Q

VI marmot status

A

critically endangered

353
Q

BC Marmots

A

hoary, olympic, VI

distinct skulls, unknown if they can interbreed

354
Q

BC Marmot phylogeny

A

flaviventris (yellow-bellied) is outgroup, olympus sister group to vancouverensis

355
Q

BC Bat species

A

16 species

356
Q

White-nose syndrome

A

major bat die off in E NA
expanding Westerly
not yet in BC

357
Q

Keen’s Myotis

A

little brown bat, red-listed, unusual, poorly known, distinct, no breeding colonies known until found among heated rocks

358
Q

Oscines orca found

A

all oceans, most common within 200km of shoreline

359
Q

Orca size

A

f- 8m

m- 10m

360
Q

orca pod

A

family stays together, form a pod of different matrilines, related pods form a clan with similar vocal dialect

361
Q

matriline

A

line of descent from female ancestor to descendant (of either sex) in which the individuals in all intervening generations are mothers – in other words, a “mother line”

362
Q

ID’ing orca

A

Dorsal fin, saddle patch distinctive among individuals, determine demography from photo

363
Q

demography

A

science of populations to understand population dynamics investigate: birth, migration, and aging

364
Q

Study Orca demography, M. Bigg

A

construct life table w/ decades of photos, first use of procedure, found ages 2-3X greater than though

365
Q

implications of Orca demography study

A

assumed ages/generation times used to determine quota of IWC, resulted in curtailment of Russian orca harvest in antarctica

366
Q

IWC

A

International Whaling Commission

367
Q

HWR

A

height to width ratio of dorsal fin

proxy for age

368
Q

Orca ages

A

peak 20-30years
data up to ~90years
past thought peak 10yrs, max 30yrs

369
Q

orca genetic diversity

A

low, suspected pleistocene bottleneck 170,000ybp, diversification prior to last glacial advance 30,000ybp, common ancestor 700,000ya

370
Q

most genetically distinct orca

A

transient, separated first

371
Q

resident orca prey

A

fish eaters, specialists for Chinook, survival highly correlated w/ chinook survival, limiting factor of population dynamics (even though they consume other fish)
limited in ability to adapt

372
Q

orca travel distance

A

~100km/day while in one area

~160km/day when travelling, ~5,500 km/month

373
Q

length of VI

A

Length: 460km (3 days by whale)
Width: 100km
coastline length: 3,400km (20 days by whale)

374
Q

BC forestry economics

A 
$6.6 billion/yr direct revenue
ministry- 15.6billion/yr
2.5% of gov't revenue
6.3% of BC jobs
18,000 direct jobs
375
Q

BC ecotourism economics

A

$13.8 billion/yr

132,000 direct jobs

376
Q

forests succesions

A

bare ground– primary succession– pioneer seral stage– seral stages– secondary succession– climax

377
Q

forestry and successions

A

takes climax forest, sends it back in seral stages

378
Q

Forestry vs. ecotourism argument, Ogota Japan

A 
16 resident whales
whale watching $3mil/y
life span 30 yrs
$60mill in 20yrs
whaling $4.3mill for 16 
15:1 in favour of whale watching
379
Q

Forestry vs. ecotourism argument, South Africa

A

wildlife tourism $6bil/y
trophy huntin $2.1 mil/yr
3000:1 in favour of wildlife viewing

380
Q

Forestry vs. ecotourism argument, Palau

A

100 sharks
scuba $18mil/yr
fishing for fin/meat $10,000/y
1800:1 for tourism

381
Q

Forestry vs. ecotourism argument, BC bear hunt

A

Total GDP contribution Bear viewing $9.5mil
Bear hunting $669,000
15:1 in favour of tourism

382
Q

BC bear population estimate

A

2004 - 17,000
2008- 16,000
2012- 15,000

383
Q

GBR

A

great bear rainforest

384
Q

MRL

A

maximum recorded longevity (captivity)

385
Q

small song bird MRL

A

less than 2yr in wild but 20yr in captivity

386
Q

large song bird MRL

A

10yr in wild, 28 in captivity

387
Q

gulls, ravens MRL

A

~60-70yr (captivity)

388
Q

owl, parrot MRL

A

100yr (captivity)

389
Q

max age of birds

A

~2X greater in captivity than wild

390
Q

probability of yearly mortality, adult bird

A

~50%

391
Q

Senescence

A

loss of DNA repair, accumulation of mutations, build up anti-oxidant enzymes, increased free radicals, loss of homeostasis, altered gene expression

392
Q

mammal MRL

A 
mouse - 4yr
toad - 20yr
cat 20-40yr
dog 10-30yr
horse 50-60yr
elephant 80-90yr
humpback whale ~50yr
tortoise - potentially over 100
393
Q

log max longevity vs. log body mass

A

log longevity linearly increasing with log body mass

large animals live longer

394
Q

log max longevity vs. log body mass, bird, mammal

A

bird higher and steeper sloped
birds ~1.7X MRL of mammals of equal mass
yet bird BMR 3X mammals

395
Q

why large spread in MRL

A 
function of extrinsic processes
high probability of mortality in first years = early reproduction, r-selection, make offspring at expense of maintaining body
396
Q

If species has high probability of evading predators in early life

A

natural selection favour development of defences and subsequently improved physiological repair abilities; long-lasting immune system, anti-aging/anti-radical defence

397
Q

example of high probability of evading predators

A

spikes, hard shell, flight, apex predator, large

398
Q

animals with high mortality in early life

A

small, soft body

399
Q

biomechanics for longer life

A

superoxide-mutase (anti-oxidant enzyme)
tissue tolerance to chemical stress
cellular longevity

400
Q

naked mole rat

A

subterranean, extraordinarily long lived, size of mouse, greater than 30yr, longest living rodent, negligible senescence, no age related mortality rate, resistant to cancer, live in full darkness w/ a queen, low O2, high CO2, poikilothermy, hairless

401
Q

Proteus

A

human fish, olm

blind salamander, limestone caves, no pigment, no eyes, no predators, extreme lifespan over 100yrs

402
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans, spaceflight

A

suppressed aging, inactivated genes that extended on ground lifespans, aging slowed through neuronal and endocrine response to space enviro. cues

403
Q

down regulating genes that control these peptides led to longer lifespan, elagans, earthworm

A 
acetylcholine receptor
acetylcholine transporter
choline acetyltransferase
rhodopsin-like receptor
glutamate-gated chloride channel
potassium channel
insulin-like peptide
404
Q

Estimating age in long-lived tetrapods

A 
yearly growth rings
photo-id or mark/release
fatty acid ratio
racemization
epigenetic marker
405
Q

yearly growth rings in tetrapods

A

teeth, eye lens, ear bones, ear plugs

406
Q

chiral molecules

A

molecules existing in two forms, mirror images, rotate polarized light left or right, occur in equal proportion in meteorites
Ratio of D/L =1

407
Q

biological tissue chiral molecules

A

use only left (levorotatory) amino acids (L-amino) D/L = 0

right (dextrorotatory) glucose (D-glucose) D/L =1

408
Q

L/D enantiomers

A

completely different function/response

409
Q

racemization

A

one enantiomer such as L-amino acid, converts to the other enantiomer. The compound alternates between each form while the ratio approaches 1:1, (racemic mixture)

410
Q

racemization in animal

A

L-amino acid incorporated into bone– racemization– accumulate D-enantiomer until racemic mix reached. can be used for dating

411
Q

racemization of living narwhale

A

L-aspartic acid to D-aspartic acid in nucleus of eye lense

412
Q

DNA methylation

A

epigenetic mechanism used by cells to control gene expression; signaling tool that can fix genes in the “off” position

413
Q

DNA methylation aging

A

predicts age from skin samples, can be applied to non model wild organisms

414
Q

Nunatak

A

glacial island
exposed, often rocky element of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within (or at the edge of) an ice field or glacier.

415
Q

Ice sheets ~180,000ya

A

Laurentide

Cordilleran

416
Q

Beringia

A

northern glaciation refugia

417
Q

past glaciation/refugia theory

A

18,000ya northern&southern refugee, 13-10000ya cordilleran ice sheet melts and colonization occurs from S

418
Q

implication of past glaciation theory

A

all species (plant/animals) in BC have colonized in last 10,000yrs, mostly from S

419
Q

relictual species

A

remnant ecosystems, species persisting through glaciation

420
Q

evidence for relictual species

A

disjunct distribution

unique species/subspecies

421
Q

relictual species, unique species

A

VI marmot, Nebria, dawson’s caribou, stickleback, unique black bear subspecies

422
Q

BC black bear phylogeny

A

2 deeply separated lineages, continental and coastal

423
Q

endemism

A

species being unique to a defined geographic location

424
Q

haplotype

A

a set of DNA variations/ polymorphisms, that tend to be inherited together: combination of alleles or set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on same chromosome

425
Q

BC wolves

A

coastal (sea wolves) differ from continental

426
Q

other animals with distinct coastal/continental subspecies

A

Marten, short-tailed weasel, dawson’s caribou (extinct 1915), marmot, brown bear

427
Q

coastal/continental lineages suggest

A

some type of coastal refugia, otherwise would expect one lineage after glacial (everything would have been wiped out)

428
Q

relic grizzlies

A

restricted to 3 small islands, dwarfed size, closest relative to polar bear, “ABC” bear

429
Q

landbird relics

A

estimated divergence dates 20-120,000ybp, suggest HG area was forested refugium in late Pleistocene

430
Q

port Eliza cave evidence

A

laminated clays, diverse vertebrate fauna, aging shows brief ice cover (15.5-14ka), sea level close to cave, salmon runs, cool, open parkland, cool temperatures

431
Q

K1 cave, Queen Charlottes

A

skeletons dated to 14,000ya, very close to glacial max, must have been an open space for large animals

432
Q

sea level, 14000ya

A

150m below present

dates artifacts = humans by 10,000ya, migration route, most likely refugia

433
Q

Exotic tetrapods in BC

A

Green frog, bull frog, european grey partridge, californai quail, domestic pigeon, european starling, house sparrow, ring-necked pheasant, wild turkey, virginia opossum, european rabbit,e astern cottontail rabbit, eastern Gray squirrel, rats, house mouse, amerindians, europeans

434
Q

Aliens, Green frog

A

from NE US, introduced before 1940

435
Q

Alines, bull frog

A

probably from Washington, non intentional, huge impact, high predatory and competitive pressure, carrier of Chytrid fungus

436
Q

european grey partridge

A

introduced in 1870 for hunting, now widespread

437
Q

California Quail

A

introduced 1860, common on VI

438
Q

Domestic pigeon

A

from Europe to E Canada 1600, now widespread in urban

439
Q

European Starling

A

from Europe 1910, BC in 1947, widespread in urban

440
Q

house sparrow

A

from Europe 1850, BC 1890, widespread rural and urban

441
Q

ring-necked pheasant

A

from asia, 1890, widespread

442
Q

wild turkey

A

from US, 1960s, locally abundant

443
Q

equilibrium niche space

A

none empty. if non-natives invade, it is at the expense of others

444
Q

European rabbit

A

released, 1910

445
Q

Eastern cottontail

A

natural from washington

446
Q

eastern gray squirrel

A

introduced to stanley park 1915

447
Q

rats

A

from europe on ships 1800-1900 (woodrat is native)

448
Q

house mouse

A

from europe, 1800

449
Q

Amerindians

A

12,000yrs marginal impacts apart from sea otter extirpation

450
Q

europeans

A

‘introduced’ 1775, greatest impact of all species

451
Q

impacts of exotics

A

new parasites, greatest density in disturbed habitat, major impacts in natural land adjacent to disturbed habitat

452
Q

disturbed habitats

A

urban, roadside, rural properties, agriculture, predator-free zone

453
Q

Introduced Canada geese

A

intentionally cross-bred in 60’s to establish breeding population for harvest, spread exotic grasses (feces), decline native plant species abundance

454
Q

Scott islands

A

largest aggregation of breeding seabirds in E Pacific ocean south of Alaska

455
Q

changes to scott islands, aliens

A

large decline in seabird population due to american mink, raccoon (European rabbit also present but not found to have effect)

456
Q

Cassin’s Auklet, scott islands

A

Triangle island, Sartine island, bulk of worlds breeding population of Cassins auklet, selects grass-covered habitat, vegetation changes on these islands reduces reproductive success

457
Q

Haida Gwaii, native vs alien plant species

A

native ~500
exotic ~140
143/657 = 22%

458
Q

Haida Gwaii, native/nonnative mammals

A

native 12
introduced 14
14/26 = 54%

459
Q

introduced mammals, haida gwaii

A

norway rat, raccoon, mink, muskrat, beaver, red squirrel, sitka deer, elk, feral cat, pheasant, tree frog, red-legged frog

460
Q

non-native feedback

A

introduced plants bring in alien insects bring in higher trophic level aliens…

461
Q

rats and seabirds, Queen Charlottes

A

seabird colony decline, predation from rats invade burrow-nests, especially ancient Murrelet, present on 18islands, Norway rat replaced black rat on Langara

462
Q

Nestucca oil spill

A

December 23, 1988
Greys harbour washington, barge cable broke, tug backs into and punctures barge, release 231,000 gallons fuel oil, oil covers 100km WAS, over 200km VI, 56,000 bird deaths known, $5million fine

463
Q

warfarin

A

sweet-clover, oral anticoagulant, inhibits Vit K formation, hemorrhaging, highly toxic, major global pesticide, odourless, tasteless, 100% mortality, slow death multiple days, internal bleeding and trauma, LD50 1mg/kg/day

464
Q

second-generation super-warfarin

A 
brodifacoum
LD50 0.3mg/kg/day
human death with less than 1% sugarcane mass
long lasting, 6months
worldwide rodenticide
465
Q

eradicating rats, langara island, 1995

A

bate station: pipe with internal shelf, bated with brodifacoum, every 75-100m in concentric circles
funds: Nestucca oil spill settlement
technique: NZ study
duration: 2years
success, 10’s of thousands of rats killed, seabirds back on the rise

466
Q

adverse effect of eradicating rats on Langara

A

common raven greater than 50% mortality, risks of secondary poisoning, 15% of bald eagles blood tests showed detectable residue but no adverse affects found

467
Q

racoon

A 
formerly absent on HG, mainland and VI
introduced 1940
no predators
significant ooivore of ground nesters
more opportunistic than rats, very successful, swimmers- difficult to remove
468
Q

Sitka deer, HG

A 
1878- 8 introduce
1911- 28 released
1925- 3 released
2005- 150,000
low predation, no predator, no competitor
exponential population growth
469
Q

Deer-vegetation interaction

A

browse line = height of animal, yearly growth very small below browse line, can’t get large, bush like shape on bottom

470
Q

dendrochronology

A

tree-ring dating

471
Q

Moresby Island dendrochronology

A

ring width shows large convergence after 1990

472
Q

tree defence

A

anti-browsers, monoterpene, volatile, physiologically costly, unnecessary without predator, attract wasps (predator of insects)

473
Q

monoterpenes and browsing

A

lower in heavily browsed trees

bitter

474
Q

deer and understory invertebrates

A

deer-free – 20yrs of deer – 50years of deer

significant decrease in abundance and species numbers of inverts (because of decreased vegetation diversity)

475
Q

deer and pollinators

A

deer-free–20yr–50yr

sig. decrease, no bumblebee on islands with deer greater than 50yr!

476
Q

expected insects and pollinators on islands without deer

A

would expect highest numbers and diversity because they are the islands closest to the source land

477
Q

deer and parasitoid insects

A

same pattern.. low plants, low insects with lots of deer (same pattern with songbirds as well)

478
Q

deer impact pathway aboveground

A

deer browsing- change veg. - reduce understory abundance/diversity- fewer herbivores, pollinators - fewer predators, parasites

479
Q

deer impact pathway on ground

A

browsing- change veg. - reduce litter and dry soil - fewer detritivorous inverts. - fewer predators

480
Q

Songbirds use of shrubs

A

fruits
nectar
nest sites
insects

481
Q

deer and songbirds

A

abundance in areas with deer more than 50yrs had 55-70% lower songbirds, deer overabundance may explain part of current continental-scale decrease in songbird populations

482
Q

Louise Island

A

kill deer and monitor island, microsatellite marker genetics determine source population, find ~1/generation (2yrs) were migrating (swimming) from source land, eradication would have to be an ongoing event

483
Q

Red squirrel introduction

A

for helping pick highly prized sitka spruce cones, when no cones left for squirrels they become ooivores and can sniff out the nest

484
Q

avian dispersal of exotic shrubs

A

fruit, feces, higher palatability = higher dispersal, protection from humans insufficient to prevent exotic species establishment and loss of native biodiversity

Biology (15 decks)

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